Gerunds%20and%20Gerundives

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Chapter 39

• Gerunds and Gerundives

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The Gerund

• The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can
  be compared with the English ing form. eg.
  running, jumping
• It takes direct objects in the same case that the
  transitive verb does.
• It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense.
• It is always in the singular neuter.
• It is never in the nominative case.
• It only takes the accusative with the preposition
  ad.

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The Gerund

• When the gerund occurs in the accusative case
  with the preposition ad, it denotes PURPOSE.
• adgredior ad probandum
• Im going out in order to prove it.

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The Gerund - Examples

• I like to read books.
• legere libros mihi placet
• I learn by reading books.
• legendo libros disco

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The Gerund - Examples

• I give orders to my soldiers.
• impero meis militibus
• I know the art of giving orders to soldiers.
• novi artem imperandi militibus

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The Gerund - Overview

• Nominative infinitive of the verb
• Genitive of reading, of loving
• Dative (rare) for hiding, to searching
• Accusative with ad denoting PURPOSE
• Ablative by reading, in loving

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The Gerundive

• The gerundive will seem more complicated at
  first, however it is actually easier to recognize
  and read.
• You must remember that the gerundive works on
  cross-mojo-nation.
• The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of the
  accusative case.
• You have already seen the gerundive used to
  express necessity in the passive periphrastic.

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Gerundive Passive Periphrastic

• una nox perpetua dormienda nobis omnibus
• One eternal night must be slept by all of us.
• We must all sleep one eternal night.
• Notice that the gerundive agrees in case,
  number, and gender with its object.

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The Gerundive

• The case of the gerundive comes from its use in
  the clause.
• Both the gender and number of the gerundive come
  from its object.
• CROSS-MOJO-NATION

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Gerundive - Examples

• hanc rem tibi utendam do
• I give this to you to use.
• utendam gets its case from its use as the direct
  obect and its gender and number from rem, the
  object of the gerundive.

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Gerundive - Examples

• Had it been.
• has res tibi utendas do
• I give these to you to use.
• utendas still gets its case from its use as the
  direct obect and its gender and number from res,
  the object of the gerundive.

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Practice

• nos ipsos adiuvamus aliis adiuvandis
• We help ourselves by helping others.
• ille librum scripsit de bello gerendo
• He wrote a book about waging war.
• sapientores fimus philsophia discenda
• We become wise by learning philosophy.
• is multum tempus consumpsit in cogitando
• He spent a lot of time in thinking.