Airport Operations and Markings

1
Airport Operations and Markings
2
Overview

• Safety of Flight
• Airports
• Airport Operations
• Airport Signs
• Runway Incursion Avoidance
• LAHSO
• Airport lighting

3
References

• AIM
• Chapter 2
• FAA.gov
• Pilots Handbook Of Aeronautical Information
• Chapter 12
• FAA.gov
• Jeppesen Private Pilot Manual
• Chapter 4

4
Objectives

• Better understand the environment you will
  operating in.
• Learn the basic safety measures that should be
  taken in and around airport environments
• Recognize and understand basic airport markings,
  signs and lighting
• Know the definition of LAHSO, when it may be used
  and who can/should participate

5
Safety of Flight

• Collision Avoidance
• Majority of Midair Collisions
• VFR
• 5 miles of airport
• Daylight
• See and Avoid

6
Safety of Flight

• Visual Scanning
• Normal field of vision is about 200 degrees
• Sharp focus, detail in narrow cone of about 10
  degrees
• Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye
  movements (10 degrees every 10 sec)

7
Safety of Flight

• Visual Scanning
• Aircraft that doesnt appear to be moving?
• Bright Sunlight
• Haze, reduced visibility
• Empty field myopia

8
Safety of Flight

• Blind Spots
• High wing
• Turning
• Takeoff
• Low wing
• Approach and Landing phases
• Avoid climbing or descending at steep angles
• Shallow S-turns

9
Safety of Flight

• Airport Operations
• Maneuvering
• Clearing Turns
• Right of Way Rules
• Distress
• Head on
• Overtaking
• Converging
• Landing/Lowest
• Minimum Safe Altitudes
• Congested Area
• Uncongested

10
Safety of Flight

• Taxiing in Wind
• Left Front Quartering
• Turn yoke left, left aileron comes up
• Left Back Quartering
• Turn yoke Right, right aileron comes up
• Down elevator/stabilator
• Right Front Quartering
• Turn yoke right, right aileron comes up
• Right Back Quartering
• Turn Yoke left, Down elevator/stabilator

11
Safety of Flight

• Wake Turbulence
• Vortex Generation
• Avoid region within 100 feet of vortex
• Heavy, clean and slow
• Circulation is outward and upward

12
Safety of Flight

• Landing behind a larger aircraft on the same
  runway
• Stay at or above the larger aircrafts approach
  flightpath and land beyond its touchdown
• Landing behind departing aircraft
• Touch down well before the large aircrafts
  liftoff point
• Departing after a large aircraft has landed
• Lift off beyond its touchdown location
• Taking off behind a large aircraft
• Lift off before the large airplanes rotation
  point and climb out above or upwind of its flight
  path
• Learn more! AIM 7-3

13
Safety of Flight

• Positive exchange of controls
• Always know who is flying
• Passing You have control
• Taking I have control
• Passing You have control

14
Airports

• Controlled
• Operating control tower
• Two way radio required
• Uncontrolled
• No Tower
• No radio required

15
Airports
16
Airports

• Traffic Patterns

17
Airports

• Wind Indicators
• Wind Sock
• Wind Tee
• Tetrahedron
• Segmented Circle

18
Airports

• Noise Abatement
• Designated runway
• Restrict some operations
• Tower, A/FD

19
Airport Markings

• VFR and IFR

20
Airport Markings
21
Airport Markings

• Displaced Threshold
• Obstruction
• May be available for taxi
• White line marks the
• Beginning of landing portion

22
Airport Markings
White line marks beginning of useable runway

• Blast Pad/Stopway Area
• Cannot be used for landing, takeoff or taxiing
• Propeller or jet blast can dissipate without
  creating a hazard
• Can be used in the event of an aborted takeoff

Yellow Chevrons indicate blast pad/unusable
portion of runway
23
Airport Markings

• Runway Closure
• Mayor Delay bulldozes airport
• Other operations
• NOTAM should be issued

24
Airport Markings

• Taxiway
• Continuous yellow stripe
• Hold lines
• Wherever Taxiway intersects runway
• You are clear of runway on the side with the
  solid lines

25
Airport Markings

• ILS hold line

26
Hand Signals
27
Airport Signs

• Mandatory Instruction Sings
• Entrance to runway, critical area or prohibited
  area
• Red with white letters or numbers

28
Airport Signs

• Location Signs
• Identify Taxiway or runway where you are
  currently located
• Identify runway boundary or ILS critical area for
  area exiting runway
• Black background with yellow writing and border

29
Airport Signs

• Direction Sign
• Indicate directions of taxiways leading out of an
  intersection
• Yellow background, Black writing
• Arrows

30
Airport Signs

• Destination Signs
• Indicate general direction to location on airport
• FBO, Military or international areas
• Yellow background, black writing, arrow

31
Airport Signs

• Information Sign
• Advise you of good to know information
• Areas that cannot be seen from control tower
• Radio Frequencies
• Noise Abatement
• Yellow Background, Black inscription

32
Airport Signs

• Runway Distance Remaining
• Distance remaining information to pilots during
  takeoff and landing
• Located on sides of runway
• Thousands of feet
• Turbojet aircraft
• Black with White writing

33
Airport Signs
34
Runway Incursion Avoidance

• Any occurrence at an airport involving an
  aircraft, vehicle, person or object on the ground
  that creates a collision hazard or results in
  loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or
  intending to take off, landing or intending to
  land

35
Runway Incursion Avoidance

• Study airport layout during preflight
• Complete checklists while stationary
• Lear and unambiguous pilot- controller
  communication readback!
• Know your location, do not become distracted
• Stop and ask if unsure
• Position yourself to see landing aircraft
• Monitor appropriate frequency
• Stay with tower after landing until instructed to
  change
• Use your taxi/landing lights when practical
• Report confusing markings or signs
• Make sure you understand the required procedures
  such as LAHSO

36
Land and Hold Short Operations

• Landing and then holding short of an intersecting
  runway, taxiway, predetermined point or an
  approach/departure flight path
• Increases airport capacity, maintain system
  efficiency and enhance safety
• Student pilots conducting solo ops are not
  authorized to participate
• Must be trained and qualified
• Acceptance indicates you fully understand all
  aspects

37
Airport Lighting

• Airport Beacon
• Used to guide pilots to lighted airports
• Green/White Civilian
• Green/yellow water airport
• Green/2 white Military
• Green/yellow/white Heliport

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Visual Glideslope Indications

• Tri-color VASI

39
Visual Glideslope Indicator

• Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

40
Visual Glideslope Indicators

• Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

41
Visual Glideslope Indicators

• Pulsating Approach Slope Indicator

42
Airport Lighting

• Runway Edge Lights
• Single row of white lights bordering each side of
  runway and lights identifying the runway
  threshold
• Three Intensity Levels High Intensity (HIRLs),
  Medium Intensity runway lights (MIRLs), and Low
  intensity runway lights (LIRLs)
• Some are Pilot Controlled, some ATC controlled
• Runway End Identifier Lights (REILS)
• High intensity white strobe lights placed on each
  side of the runway to mark the threshold
• Runway Lights
• White
• Taxiway Lights
• Blue

43
Pilot Controlled Lighting

• Use your aircrafts microphone on specified
  frequency (CTAF)
• Check A/FD
• Click mike 7 times
• Max intensity
• Click mike 5 times
• Medium intensity
• Click mike 3 times
• Low intensity

44
Obstruction Lighting

• On and Off airport
• Day and night
• Towers
• Buildings
• Powerlines
• Bright red or white