Late Qing Reforms: 1890s1911

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Late Qing Reforms 1890s-1911

• Qing intellectuals and officials increasingly
  aware they exist not at the center of the world,
  but in a world of Nation-states
• Speed becomes essential in the hostile world of
  predatory nation-states, China cant wait around
  for decades to get strongmust act now, and act
  fast to survive
• Processnation-building and the revolution are
  not simply overnight events, but unfold in
  phases, and are operating simultaneously

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The 100 Days Reforms of 1898

• Kang Youwei (1858-1927) Launches reforms of 1898
• Constitutional monarchy, local elected assemblies
• Kangs interpretation of Confucianismnot a
  conservative philosophy looking back to the
  golden age of the pastKang sees it as a
  progressive ideologyConfucius was a reformer

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New Policy Reforms 1901-1911

• Political Changes
• Abolish Confucian Examination system
• Constitutionalism, Provincial Assemblies
• Consequences
• Breakdown of old political systemreal questions
  about who/where power lies
• Confucianism no longer key to political power

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• Educational Reforms
• Create new schools to teach modern subjects to
  students
• Part of a process of creating citizens through
  education
• Consequences
• New schools bring young generation together in
  new waysbecome centers for radical activism

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• Military Reforms
• Recognition of the need to completely modernize
  and overhaul military to protect dynasty from
  imperialism
• New military training academies set up, with
  Western/Japanese instructors
• Consequences
• Militarization of politics
• Talented young cadets rise quickly to political
  postsfuture warlords

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• New Social Groups are Empowered by Qing Reforms
• Merchants, once the bottom of Confucian order,
  now top
• Military as a path to power
• Students/Youth
• Women

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