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Chapter 2 Alkanes

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Aliphatic. Alkanes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. ... Aliphatic. Alkenes. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 2 Alkanes


1
Chapter 2Alkanes
2
2.1Classes of Hydrocarbons
3
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic
Aliphatic
4
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic
Aliphatic
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
5
Hydrocarbons
  • Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the
    bonds are single bonds.

Aliphatic
Alkanes
6
Hydrocarbons
  • Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a
    carbon-carbon double bond.

Aliphatic
Alkenes
7
Hydrocarbons
  • Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a
    carbon-carbon triple bond.

Aliphatic
Alkynes
8
Hydrocarbons
  • The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those
    that contain a benzene ring.

Aromatic
9
2.2Reactive Sites in Hydrocarbons
10
Functional Group
  • a structural unit in a molecule responsible for
    itscharacteristic behavior under a particular
    set ofreaction conditions

11
Alkanes
  • functional group is a hydrogen
  • reaction that takes place is substitution
  • one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other
    atom or group

12
Alkanes
  • functional group is a hydrogen
  • reaction that takes place is substitution
  • one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other
    atom or group

Cl2
HCl
13
Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons
  • alkanes RH
  • alkenes double bond
  • alkynes triple bond
  • arenes ArH

14
2.3The Key Functional Groups
15
Families of organic compoundsand their
functional groups
  • Alcohols ROH
  • Alkyl halides RX (X F, Cl, Br, I)
  • Amines primary amine RNH2
  • secondary amine R2NH
  • tertiary amine R3N

16
Families of organic compoundsand their
functional groups
Epoxides
  • Ethers ROR'
  • Nitriles RC
  • Nitroalkanes RNO2
  • Thiols RSH

N
17
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
R
Carbonyl group
Acyl group
18
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
H
R
Carbonyl group
Aldehyde
19
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
R'
R
Carbonyl group
Ketone
20
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
OH
R
Carbonyl group
Carboxylic acid
21
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
OR'
R
Ester
Carbonyl group
22
Many classes of organic compounds contain a
carbonyl group
NH2
R
Amide
Carbonyl group
23
2.4Introduction to AlkanesMethane, Ethane, and
Propane
CnH2n2
24
The Simplest Alkanes
  • Methane (CH4) CH4
  • Ethane (C2H6) CH3CH3
  • Propane (C3H8) CH3CH2CH3

bp -160C
bp -89C
bp -42C
25
2.5Isomeric Alkanes The Butanes
C4H10
26
  • n-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
  • Isobutane (CH3)3CH

bp -0.4C
bp -10.2C
27
2.6Higher n-Alkanes
28
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-Hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-Heptane
29
2.7The C5H12 Isomers
30
C5H12
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CH3
n-Pentane
Isopentane
(CH3)4C
Neopentane
31
How many isomers?
  • The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the
    number of carbons increase.
  • There is no simple way to predict how many
    isomers there are for a particular molecular
    formula.

32
Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric
Alkanes
  • CH4 1
  • C2H6 1
  • C3H8 1
  • C4H10 2
  • C5H12 3
  • C6H14 5
  • C7H16 9

33
Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric
Alkanes
  • CH4 1 C8H18 18
  • C2H6 1 C9H20 35
  • C3H8 1 C10H22 75
  • C4H10 2 C15H32 4,347
  • C5H12 3 C20H42 366,319
  • C6H14 5 C40H82 62,491,178,805,831
  • C7H16 9
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