ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

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ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
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Female Reproductive Organs
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• Ovaries
• produce eggs called ova
• secrete hormones
• form the corpus luteum.

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Corpus luteum

• Located on ovary
• essential for establishing and maintaining
  pregnancy in females
• secretes hormones

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Follicles

• "blister like" structures that form on ovaries
• A maturing ovum is held within each follicle
• Release of the ova (egg) Ovulation

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• Oviducts/ Fallopian tubes
• Carries eggs from the ovary to the uterus

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• Infundibulum
• the funnel-shaped end of the oviduct
• Located below ovaries
• Directs the egg into the oviduct
• Place of FERTILIZATION

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• Uterus
• AKA womb
• organ with two branched horn-shaped attachments
• will have baby inside if animal is pregnant.
• where the embryo implants and fetus develops

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• Cervix
• Neck of the uterus separates the uterus from
  the vagina
• Seals off the uterus when pregnancy occurs

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Cervix

• a thick-walled structure made up of several folds
  and rings of muscle tissue

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Cervix

• serves as a passageway for sperm to travel from
  the vagina to the uterus.

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• Vagina
• Connects vulva to cervix.
• Where natural insemination occurs.
• Receives the male penis and sperm at breeding.
• Is a passageway for urine to be expelled.

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Vagina

• serves as a passageway for the baby to pass
  through at birth

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• Urethra
• pathway for urine

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• Vulva
• external opening to repro tract
• outside part made up of folds of skin

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cow
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Parts and function of the male reproductive tract
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• Penis
• Covered by sheath.
• organ of copulation.
• Deposits sperm into female at breeding. Long
  rod-like tissue.

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Penis Papilla serve this function in poultry
rooster papilla or phallus
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• Sheath protects the penis from injury

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• Testicles testes
• the production of sperm cells and testosterone
  hormone.
• 2 oval structures inside scrotum in livestock
• inside body cavity of poultry on each side of
  backbone.

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male reproductive tract

• Scrotum
• protection and temperature regulation of
  testicles.
• Saclike part outside livestock that holds
  testicles

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Epididymis- long coiled tube outside of each
testicle for storage of sperm until it matures.
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• Vas deferens- tube leads from epididymis
  to urethra

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Accessory male reproductive glands include
Cowpers gland, prostate gland and
seminalvesicles
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Purpose of accessory parts produce fluids to
protect and carry sperm
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Accessory parts are located between kidney and
the urethra
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• Accessory Part 1
• Seminal vesicles
• secretes 70 of the fluid that becomes semen

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• Accessory Part 1
• Prostate gland
• Stores and secretes a clear fluid that
  constitutes 30 of the volume of the seminal fluid

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• Accessory Part 1
• Cowpers gland
• Also known as the bulbourethral gland
• discharges a small component of seminal fluid

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• Urethra
• Tube through which urine leaves the body
• Extends from bladder out penis

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Reproductive Management

• Terminology

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Estrus

• Heat period, time when female will breed with a
  male

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Signs of Estrus

• Stands when mounted
• Mucus discharge from vulva
• Swelling/reddening of vulva
• Restlessness
• Frequent urination

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Heat Detecting Devices
Bovine Beacon K MAR
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Chin-Ball Marker
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Estrus Cycle and Duration

• Animal
• Cow
• Mare
• Sow
• Ewe

• Cycle Length Duration
• 21 days 16-18 hrs
• 22 days 6 days
• 21 days 3 days
• 16 days 30 hours

Egg life 6-12 hours Sperm24-30 hours
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Gestation

• Length of pregnancy

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Gestation Periods

• Cows
• Sows
• Mares
• Ewes

• 283 days avg.
• 114 days avg.
• 336 days avg.
• 148 days avg.

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Gestation Lengths
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Estrus Synchronization

• Treating cows in a herd with hormones to reset
  their estrus cycles to begin around the same
  time, so that they can all be bred at once and
  all calve at once (around the same time)

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Ovulation

• Release of egg from the ovary, usually near end
  of estrus

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FERTILIZATION
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Parturition

• Act of giving birth

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Rectal Palpation

• Method of pregnancy determination in cattle in
  which the arm is inserted into the cows rectum
  and the repro. tract is felt

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Precocial

• Offspring are born fully haired, eyes open, teeth
  erupted. Can eat food and dont have to nurse
• Ex) guinea pig

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Altricial

• Young are born naked, ears and eyes closed,
  underdeveloped limbs, underdeveloped teeth, must
  nurse. Need a parent.
• Ex) hamster, mice, Humans, Cats, dogs

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Marsupial

• 13 day gestation
• Young are born and have to crawl to a pouch where
  they stay for 2 months.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6xi0x_jGlK4feature
  related

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Lactation

• Period of time that milk is secreted from mammary
  glands

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Colostrum

• First milk produced by mother rich in antibodies,
  vitamins, and minerals, straw colored

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Castration

• Removing the testicles

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Reasons for Castration

• To reduce aggressiveness in male animals as they
  mature.
• In the food industry, livestock are castrated in
  order to increase their weight and improve the
  taste of the meat

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Tools for Castration

• Burdizzo Clamp
• The burdizzo is used for a bloodless and
  relatively painless method of castration. It
  crushes the blood vessels and interrupts the
  blood supply.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOeJPPKSxGDw
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Tools for Castration

• Elastrator
• A tool that places bands around both testicles
  and cuts off blood supply. The scrotum falls off
  in 20-40 days.

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Tools for Castration

• Newberry Castrating Knife
• split the scrotum for easier removal of
  testicles.

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Tools for Castration

• Scalpel
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vf1P_ywNQ4AM

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Vasectomy

• The Vas deferens are cut
• Testes are left ?testosterone is still produced
• Resulting in a sterile animal

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Sterile

• Unable to reproduce

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Cryptorchid

• A male animal in which one or both testicles
  failed to descend (drop down) into the scrotum
  during development and remained in the body
  cavity, usually sterile

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Freemartin

• Heifer born twin to a bull, usually sterile

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Superovulation

• Treating a female with hormones to make her
  release many ovum/eggs at one time, usually for
  embryo transfer uses

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Artificial Insemination(AI)

• Placing sperm into the reproductive tract of the
  female by other than natural means

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AI Tools

• For artificial insemination the sperm must be
  collected manually of through the use of an
  artificial vagina. These have a collection tube
  at the end so that the sperm can be easily
  collected.

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AI Tools

• Insemination straws are used for the disposition
  of semen into the female.

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Embryo Transfer

• Flushing embryos out of a female so they can be
  implanted into surrogate mothers. Makes
  multiple off-springs possible from the
  original/donor cow

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Animal Breeding
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Straightbreeding

• Mating animals of the same breed

• EX) Grading-up, inbreeding, out-crossing,
  purebred breeding

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Crossbreeding

• Mating animals of different breeds.
• 2-breed crosses, 3-breed crosses, rotation
  breeding

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Factors to Consider Before Choosing a
SystemStraight or Cross?????

• Climatic conditions- some breeds/crosses are more
  adaptable to certain weather than others

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• Markets-locations and types of markets

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Knowledge of Genetics-some breeding systems are
genetically more complicated
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Size of Operation-certain breeding systems
require more space
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• 5. Personal preference
• 6. Available resources-financing, equipment,
  labor, etc.

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• 7. Goals of the breeder

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I. Methods of Breeding

• Purebred breeding
• Grading-Up
• Crossbreeding
• Inbreeding
• Linebreeding

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Purebred Animal

• An animal of a particular breed that displays
  characteristics of the breed.
• Parents must be purebreds as well.
• Eligible for registry

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Purebred Breeding

• Breeding 2 animals that are the same breed, which
  are registered with a breed association or are
  eligible to be registered

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• It is done to continue the breed and to improve
  the breed

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Grading-Up

• Mating a purebred male (SIRES) to a lower grade
  female (non-purebred, not eligible for registry)

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Improves quality, develops uniformity,
increases performance of off-spring
Improvements to the herd rest solely upon
sire. Not expensive
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Crossbreeding

• Mating 2 animals from different breeds.
• The result is a HYBRID offspring

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Done to combine desirable characteristics from
both parents and to produce hybrid vigor/heterosis
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Hybrid Vigor/Heterosis

• When a hybrid or crossbred animal out produces
  or exhibits stronger traits than either of their
  parents possess.

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Inbreeding (Close-breeding)

• Breeding closely related animals
• EX) sire to daughter, brother to sister

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Used mostly in purebred herds to increase
desirable traits and their inheritance Must
start with a good group of animals with desirable
traits
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Linebreeding

• Matings of animals that are more distantly
  related.
• Ex) cousin to cousin, half-brother to
  half-sister, grandparent to grand-offspring
• Helps maintain genetic purity in herd

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OUTCROSSING

• Mating of animals of different families w/in the
  same breed. Not closely related.
• Used to bring in desirable traits not found in
  the existing animals

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Rotational Breeding

• 2 breeding groups are needed. Males A B are
  used on a rotating basis each breeding with 50
  of the females.

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Natural Breeding

• Hand Mating
• Pasture Mating
• Corral Mating

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ARTIFICIAL METHODS

• Artificial insemination
• Embryo Transfer
• In vitro fertilization
• Cloning