DATA Metric System SI Taking Measurements Organization Presentation

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DATAMetric System (SI) Taking
MeasurementsOrganization Presentation
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Data

• Your data are all the records you have gathered
  from an investigation.
• The types of data collected depend on the
  activity.
• Data may be a series of weights of volumes, a
  set of color changes,
• or a list of scientific names.
• No matter which types of data are collected, all
  data must be treated
• carefully to ensure accurate results.

• Sometimes the data seem to be wrong, but even
  then,
• they are important and should be recorded
  accurately.
• Remember that nature cannot be wrong,
• regardless of what you discover in the
  laboratory.
• Data that seem to be wrong are probably the
  result of the experimental error.

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Metric System

• A decimal system of measurement whose units are
  based on certain physical standards and scaled
  on multiples of ___
• Based on units of 10

ten
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Metric System

• Kilo (k) 1000
• Hecta (h) 100
• Deka (D) 10
• Base 1
• Deci (d) 0.1
• Centi (c) 0.01
• Milli (m) 0.001

The system is easy to use because it is based on
multiples of 10
1 meter 100 cm
1 kilogram 1000 grams
1 gram 1000 milligrams
1 liter 1000 milliliters
1 kilometer 1000 meters
1 centimeter 10 millimeters
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Measurement in Biology

• Scientists use a revised form of the metric
  system called
• Le Systeme International dUnites(Internationa
  l System of Units) or SI Units

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S.I. Base Units
The International System of Units (S.I.) defines
seven base units for the seven base quantities
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S.I. Base Units
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Length

• The distance from one point to another
• Meter the SI unit of length
• Tool used to measure length depends on the size
  of the object
• Larger objects (i.e. the room)
• meter stick
• Smaller objects (i.e. pencil length)
• centimeter ruler

Frequently used SI units
1 millimeter (mm) 1000 micrometers (mm) 1
centimeter (cm) 10 millimeters (mm) 1 meter
(m) 100 centimeters (cm) 1 kilometer (km)
1000 meters (m) 1 light-year
9,460,000,000,000 kilometers (km)
Length
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Measuring Length

• Measure the distance from Point A to B
• What distance is Point A? Point B?
• What is the total distance between points?

4.5 cm
6.4 cm
6.4 cm 4.5 cm
1.9 cm
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Mass

• The amount of matter in something
• Mass is measured using a balance or triple beam
  balance
• Or an electronic balance

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Mass

• However, some measurements of mass like the mass
  of vitamins or medicines are so small that we use
  milligrams (mg) to measure their mass

• The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg)
• The gram is the base unit

Frequently used SI units
1 gram (g) 1000 milligrams (mg) 1 kilogram
(kg) 1000 grams (g) 1 metric ton 1000
kilograms (kg)
Mass
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Measuring Mass

• Measured using a balance
• What is the mass of this object?

175 g
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Area

• Area is a physical quantity expressing the size
  of a part of a surface.
• The term can also be used in a non-mathematical
  context to be mean "vicinity".
• Surface area is the summation of the areas of the
  exposed sides of an object.

Frequently used SI units
1 square meter (m2) 10,000 square centimeters
(cm2) 1 square kilometer (km2) 1,000,000
square meters (m2)
Area
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Measuring Area

• Area Length x Width

1 cm
The square has an area of 4 square centimeters (4
cm2)
1 cm
Area l x l2
2 cm x 2 cm
2 cm
Area 4 square centimeters (4 cm2)
2 cm
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Measuring Area

• Calculate the area of the following rectangles

2 cm
3 cm
cm
5 cm
8 cm
Area
2 cm X 5 cm
Area
3 cm X 8 cm
Area
10 cm2
Area
24 cm2
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Volume

• The amount of space a substance takes up
• Volume of a liquid is found using a graduated
  cylinder
• Unit is liters (L) or milliliters (mL)

Frequently used SI units
1 milliliter (mL) 1 cubic centimeter (cc) or
(cm3) 1 liter (L) 1000 milliliters (mL) or 1
dm3
Volume
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Measuring Volume

• Liquid volume measured using graduated cylinder

• Read volume at meniscus ( downward curve of
  water)
• What is the volume of this liquid?
• 45 mL

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Measuring Volume

• Find the volume of these liquids

16 mL
15 mL
12.5 mL
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Volume

• Volume of a solid is found using the volume
  equation
• length x width x height
• In this equation, we are also multiplying the
  units together so units for the volume of a
  solid are
• m x m x m m3 OR cm x cm x cm cm3
• Also know that 1 mL 1 cm3 1 cc (cubic
  centimeter)

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Measuring Volume

• Solid volume measured using volume equation (l x
  w x h)

What is the volume of a cube that is 2 cm x 2 cm
x 2 cm?
Volume l1 x l2 x l3
2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm
Volume 8 cubic centimeters (8 cm3)
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Measuring Volume

• Calculate the volume of the box

Volume
l x w x h
Volume
6 mm X 5 mm X 2 mm
6 mm
Volume
60 mm3
2 mm
5 mm
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Water Displacement

• Some solid samples, such as an irregularly shaped
  rock cannot have their volume measured easily by
  using the volume equation (length x width x
  height)
• For these solids, scientists use a technique
  called Water Displacement

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Water Displacement

• Steps of Water Displacement
• 1. Add water to a graduated cylinder and record
  its volume (ex 7 ml)
• 2. Place the irregularly shaped solid into the
  graduated cylinder already containing water and
  record the new volume (ex 9 ml)

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Water Displacement

• 3. Subtract the smaller volume(combined volume)
  from the larger volume (water only) to get the
  volume of the irregularlyshaped solid. (ex 9
  ml 7 ml 2 ml)
• 4. We would say that the irregularly shaped
  solid takes up 2 ml of space. Since it is a
  solid, we need to state the volume using cm3 so
  we would say that its volume is 2 cm3

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Water Displacement

• Volume V2 V1

Volume 30 20
Volume 10 mL
10 cm3
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Temperature

• The amount of heat in something
• Tool used to measure temperature is a thermometer
• Celsius is the unit of measure in the metric
  system

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Temperature

• SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K)
• Notice that there is no degree sign used!
• Kelvin scale is easier for scientists to use
• To calculate Kelvin you add 273 to the Celsius
  temperature
• Ex. 23 ?C 23 273 296 K

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Reading a Thermometer

• Whats the temperature?

-5
-10
-15
-14 ?C
-14.0 ?C
24.5 ?C
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Reading a Thermometer

• Whats the temperature?

-5
-10
-15
-14 ?C
24.5 ?C
-14.0 ?C
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Time

• The period between 2 events
• The SI unit of time is the second (s)
• Measurement tool of time is a stopwatch

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Recording and Organizing Laboratory Data

• There are many ways to record and organize data,
  including
• data tables, charts, and graphs.
• It is important to include the appropriate units
  when you record data.
• Remember that DATA are measurements or
  observations, not merely numbers.
• Data tables, graphs, and diagrams should have
  descriptive titles to ensure that
• another person can understand them without
  having been present during the
• investigation.

Many important scientific discoveries have been
made accidentally in the course of an often
unrelated laboratory activity. Scientists who
keep very careful and complete records sometimes
notice unexpected trends in and relationships
among data long after the work is completed. The
laboratory notebooks of working scientists are
studded with diagrams and notes every step of
every procedure is carefully recorded.
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Data Tables and Charts
Data tables are probably the most common means of
recording data. Although prepared data tables are
often provided in lab manuals, it is important
that you be able to construct your own. The best
way to do this is to choose a title for your data
table and them make a list of the types of data
to be collected. This list will become the
headings for your data columns.
For example, if you collected data on plant
growth that included both the length of time it
took for the plant to grow and the amount of
growth, you could record your data in a table
(as shown below).
Example Data Table
Plant Growth Data
These data are the basis for all your later
interpretations and analyses. You can always ask
new questions about the data, but you cannot get
new data without re- peating the experiment.
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Ways to Record Data

• Data Tables
• Must have a title
• Must include relevant data
• Must have labeled columns

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Graphs

• After data are collected, you must determine how
  to display them
• One way of showing your resultsis to use a graph
• Three types of graphs are commonly used

• Pie (circle) graphs
• Line graphs
• Bar graphs

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Ways to Graph Data

• Pie Graph
• Used to show how a part relates to the whole
• Needed to show percentages effectively

NCHSs Biology Ice Cream Survey
Vanilla 21.0 Chocolate 33. Strawberry 12.0 Rasp
berry 4.0 Peach 7.0 Neopolitan 17.0 Other
6.0
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Ways to Graph Data (Continued)

• Line graph used to show change over time
• Bar graph used to compare quantitiesin
  different categories
• Be sure to include
• Title
• Axis labels
• Key

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Making a Line Graph
Start with your data table
Draw and Label Axes
Experimental Data
Independent Variable on the x-axis
Average height liquid rose (mm)
Dependent Variable on the y-axis
Submersion time (sec)
Would help to know that this experiment
was done with paper towels
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Making a Line Graph(Continued)
Experimental Data
Using your data table, write data pairs
(10, 11) (15, 14) (20, 14) (25, 25) (30, 16) (35,
17) (40, 19)
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Making a Line Graph(Continued)
Use your data pairs to determine the scales for
the axes
2. Write Data Pairs
(10, 11) (15, 14) (20, 14) (25, 25) (30, 16) (35,
17) (40, 19)
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Making a Line Graph(Continued)
Start plotting your data pairs
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Making a Line Graph(Continued)
After plotting data, draw a line of best fit
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Making a Line Graph(Continued)
Complete the graph by summarizing its findings
As the length of time the paper towel was
submerged increased, the height the liquid rose
also increased.
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Making a Bar Graph
Again, Start with your data table
Draw and Label Axes
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Making a Bar Graph(Continued)
Using your data table, write data pairs
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Making a Bar Graph(Continued)
Use your data pairs to determine the scales for
the axes
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Making a Bar Graph(Continued)
Start plotting your data pairs
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Making a Bar Graph(Continued)
After plotting data, fill in bars
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Include a key if needed
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Water absorbed (mL)
24
20
16
C
B
E
D
F
A
Brand of paper towel
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Making a Bar Graph(Continued)
5. Summarize Trends
Complete the graph by summarizing its findings
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• Brands A and D were the most
• effective water absorbers.
• The least effective absorber
• was Brand B.
• Brands C, E, and F absorbed
• intermediate amounts of water.

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Water absorbed (mL)
24
20
16
C
B
E
D
F
A
Brand of paper towel
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Graphing Review

• Purposes
• Organize and analyze data
• Show patterns
• Communicate information
• Allow scientists to make predictions
• Components
• Appropriate title
• Equal units on each axis with good use of spacing
• Labels on each axis including units
• (example, mm, sec., kg.)
• Neatly created using a variety of color

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Types of Graphs
Graph Review