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Psychological Differences

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Other Conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. ... Disorder: Inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, anhedonia, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Psychological Differences


1
Psychological Differences
  • DSM-IV-TR
  • Mental Retardation
  • Clinical Disorders
  • Personality Disorders

2
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (Text Revision)
  • Multiaxial System (Five Axis System)
  • Axis I (Reports all disorders except Axis II)
  • Clinical Disorders.
  • Other Conditions that may be a focus of clinical
    attention.
  • Axis II (First diagnosed in infancy/childhood)
  • Personality Disorders.
  • Mental Retardation.
  • Axis III (Diabetes, heart problems, acid
    refluxetc.)
  • General Medical Conditions.
  • Axis IV (Social Env., lottery, job, divorce,
    schooletc.)
  • Psychosocial and Environmental Problems.
  • Axis V (GAF Scale, Rank 1-10 on 10 items, 100
    Good, 1 Bad)
  • Global Assessment of Functioning.

3
Mental Retardation
  • Requirements
  • 1. Significantly subaverage intellectual
    functioning IQ of approximately 70 or below on
    an IQ test.
  • 2. Concurrent deficits or impairments in present
    adaptive functioning in at least two of the
    following areas
  • Communication
  • Self-care
  • Home living
  • Social/interpersonal skills
  • Use of community resources
  • Self-direction
  • Functional academic skills
  • Work, leisure, health, and safety.
  • 3. The onset is before age 18 years.
  • Below 20-25 20-25 to 35-40
    35-40 to 50-55 50-55 to 70

4
Childhood Disorders
  • Conduct Disorder Aggression to people and
    animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness
    or theft, serious violations of rules
  • Oppositional Defiant Disorder A pattern of
    negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior
    lasting at least 6 months.
  • Pica Persistent eating of nonnutritive
    substances for a period of at least 1 month.
  • Rumination Disorder Repeating regurgitation and
    rechewing of food for a period of at least 1
    month following a period of normal functioning.
  • __________________________________________________
    _____
  • Tic Disorders
  • Tourettes Disorder Both multiple motor and one
    or more vocal tics.
  • Transient Tic Single or multiple motor and/or
    vocal tics.

5
Cognitive Disorders
  • NOS Not otherwise specified.
  • _________________________________________________
  • Delirium Characterized by anxiety,
    disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, and
    incoherent speech
  • Dementia Deterioration of intellectual faculties
    (Memory, concentration, and judgment).
    Accompanied by emotional disturbance and
    personality changes.
  • Alzheimer Type ???
  • Alcoholism Type ???

6
Schizophrenia
  • Characterization
  • Withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking,
    delusions, and hallucinations.
  • Accompanied by emotional, behavioral, or
    intellectual disturbances.
  • Causes
  • Genetic, Biological, and Psychosocial factors.
  • Dopamine imbalances and defects of the frontal
    lobe.
  • Required Symptoms
  • Two (or more) of the following (each present
    during 1-month)
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized speech
  • Grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior
  • Negative symptoms
  • Social/Occupational dysfunction.
  • Duration Disturbance persist for at least 6
    months.

7
Schizophrenia
  • Positive Symptoms-Increase in behavior.
  • Negative Symptoms-Decrease in behavior.

8
Schizophrenia Subtypes
  • I. Paranoid (Preoccupation with one or more)
  • Delusions
  • Auditory hallucinations
  • II. Disorganized (All of the following)
  • Disorganized speech
  • Disorganized behavior
  • Flat/inappropriate affect
  • III. Catatonic (At least two of the following)
  • Motoric immobility (catalepsy/stupor)
  • Excessive motor activity
  • Extreme negativism/mutism
  • Peculiarities of voluntary movement
  • Posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent
    mannerisms, or prominent grimacing
  • Echolalia/Echopraxia
  • IV. Residual (Absence of prominent)
  • Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized
    speech

9
Anxiety Disorders
  • General Phobia Irrational, intense, persistent
    fear of certain situations, objects, activities,
    or persons.
  • Agoraphobia Fear of open or public places
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Tendency to dwell
    on unwanted thoughts/ideas and to perform
    repetitious rituals to relieve the anxiety.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Constant/relentless encounters with
  • memories of a past traumatic event.
  • Panic Disorder ???
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder ???

10
Mood and Factitious Disorders
  • Mood Disorders
  • Bipolar Manic and depressive episodes.
  • Cyclothymic Disorder
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Depressive Disorder Inability to concentrate,
    insomnia, loss of appetite, anhedonia, feelings
    of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and
    hopelessness, and thoughts of death.
  • __________________________________________________
    _____
  • Factitious Disorders
  • Somatoform Disorder Physical symptoms
    representing specific disorders for which there
    is no organic basis or known physiological cause,
    but for which there is presumed to be a
    psychological basis.
  • Factitious Disorder Any of various mental
    disorders in which the individual intentionally
    produces symptoms of illness or feigns illness.
  • Munchausen
  • Munchausen by proxy

11
Dissociative Disorders
  • Defined Involve disruptions or breakdowns of
    memory, consciousness or awareness, identity
    and/or perception.
  • Dissociative Amnesia Pervasive loss of memory of
    significant personal information.
  • Characterized by a blocking out of critical
    personal information.
  • Not caused by trauma to the brain.
  • The memory still exists.
  • Dissociative Fugue
  • Dropping everything and leaving.
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder Multiple
    Personality Disorder.

12
Paraphilias
  • Defined Sexual Desire Disorders
  • Exhibitionism Compulsive exposure of the
    genitals in public.
  • Fetishism Displacement of sexual arousal or
    gratification to a fetish.
  • Frotteurism Achieving orgasm by touching
  • and rubbing against a person without their
  • consent (Usually public).
  • Pedophilia
  • Interest in prepubescent children.
  • Hebophilia
  • Interest in pubescent children.

13
Paraphilias
  • Masochism Being physically
  • or emotionally abused.
  • Sadism Sexual gratification from
  • inflicting pain or emotional abuse
  • on others.
  • Transvestic Receiving sexual gratification from
    wearing clothing of the opposite sex.
  • Transsexual
  • Voyeurism Observing others.

14
Gender Identity
  • Identification with the opposite sex.

15
Eating Disorders
  • Anorexia Refusing to eat.
  • Bulimia Binging and purging.

16
Dyssomnias
  • Disturbance in the normal rhythm or pattern of
  • sleep.
  • Insomnia Dissatisfaction with sleep quality.
  • Hypersomnia Sleeping too often.

17
Impulse-Control Disorders
  • Kleptomania Steeling
  • Pyromania Burning
  • Pathological Gambling Associated with drug
    abuse.
  • Trichotillomania Pulling out your hair

18
Personality Disorders
  • Paranoid Distrust of others
  • Schizoid Personality disorder marked by extreme
    shyness, flat affect, reclusiveness, discomfort
    with others, and an inability to form close
    relationships
  • Schizotypal Exhibiting, or being patterns of
    thought, perception, communication, and behavior
    suggestive of schizophrenia but not of sufficient
    severity to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia
  • Antisocial Criminals
  • Borderline Pervasive instability in moods,
    interpersonal relationships, self-image, and
    behavior.
  • Borderline of psychosis
  • There is a high rate of self-injury without
    suicide intent
  • Narcissistic In love with oneself
  • Most dangerous
  • Avoidant Dont like to be around others
  • Dependent Live off of others
  • Obsessive-compulsive Milder version
  • Histrionic Characterized by excessive
    emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

19
Autistic Disorder
  • Qualitative impairment in social interaction
  • Eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body
    postures, and gestures.
  • Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate
    to developmental level.
  • Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment.
  • Lack of social or emotional reciprocity.
  • Qualitative impairments in communication
  • Delay in, or total lack of, the development of
    spoken language.
  • Impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain
    a conversation with others.
  • Stereotyped and repetitive use of language.
  • Lack of make-believe play or social imitative
    play.
  • Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of
    behavior, interests, and
  • activities
  • Preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and
    restricted patterns of interest.
  • Inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional
    routines or rituals.
  • Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms.
  • Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects.

20
Aspergers Syndrome
  • Possesses all symptoms of Autism with the
    exception of qualitative impairments in
    communication.
  • There is no clinically significant delay in
    cognitive development or in the development of
    age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive
    behavior, and curiosity about the environment in
    childhood.
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