CHAPTER 20 THE BASICS OF BONDING

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CHAPTER 20 THE BASICS OF BONDING
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Mendeleev

• Based on properties of the groups he could
  predict the masses and properties of undiscovered
  elements
• Arranged in order of mass, and noticed a pattern.

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The Periodic Table

• What are the two sets of elements called?
• Vertical?
• Horizontal?
• Which have similar properties?
• How many elements are there according to the
  Periodic Table in the Book?

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The Periodic Table
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Alkali Metals

• What group are they?
• What are some properties?
• Will they become cations () or
• anions (-)?
• Look at sign on oxidation number

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Group 1

• Alkali Metals
• What are some properties?
• Malleable, ductile, good conductors, very soft
  metals, very reactive, explosive in water, cesium
  and francium are some of the most reactive
  elements

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Alkaline Earth Metals

• What group are they?
• What are some properties?
• Will they become cations or anions?

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Group 2

• Alkaline Earth Metals
• What are some properties?
• Malleable, ductile, good conductors, very
  reactive, but less than alkali metals, never
  found free in nature

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Transition Metals

• What groups are they?
• What are some properties?
• Will they become cations or anions?

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Groups 3-12

• Transition Metals
• Central block of metals
• What are some properties?
• Malleable, ductile, good conductors, some can
  produce magnetic fields, have unusual electron
  shells

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Group 13-15 Metals

• Very dense solids
• Only 7
• What are they?
• Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Tin, Thallium, Lead,
  and Bismuth

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Uses of Metals

• What group is used in fireworks?
• What metal is in marble?
• What does calcium do in your body?
• What 2 are used in medical procedures?
• What 3 are common in coins?
• Which is magnetic?
• Which are used in steel?

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Group 13-16 Metalloids

• Found on the line between metals and nonmetals
• What is a metalloid?
• What are the 7 metalloids?
• Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony,
  Tellurium, Polonium

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Metalloids

• Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony,
  Tellurium, Polonium
• What are they used in?

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Group 17

• Halogens
• Only group to have solids, liquids, and gases
• What are some properties?
• Nonmetals, insulators, form salts

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Halogens

• Which group are they?
• What is formed when they bond with metals?
• What is the most reactive halogen?

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Halogens
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Group 18

• Noble Gases
• Inert (dont react)
• The most stable elements

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Noble Gases

• Dont combine with other elements naturally
• What makes them so stable?

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Lanthanides and Actinides

• What is the other name for them?
• What are the elements 58-71?
• What are the elements 90-103?
• Why are they listed below the periodic table?

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Lanthanides and Actinides

• 2 periods at the bottom of the chart
• Also called Rare Earth Metals
• Most are synthetic
• Most are radioactive
• Very heavy and unstable

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Actinides

• Why are they called the Actinides?
• Only 3 are naturally occurring, Thorium,
  Protactinium, and Uranium
• What is special about Uranium?
• What property do all Actinides share?

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Lanthanides

• Why are they called the Lanthanides?
• All but 1 are naturally occurring, Promethium is
  man-made

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Synthetic Elements

• Synthetic means they arent found in nature,
  theyre man-made
• How are they made?

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Transuranium Elements

• What does this mean?
• All have more than 92 protons, very heavy and
  unstable
• Some of the more stable ones have uses, such as
  plutonium and americium

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Electrons

• Where are they?
• How do they travel?
• What is an electron cloud?

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Energy Levels

• Energy levels are set orbits at increasing
  distances from the nucleus

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Electron Cloud

• Why might the number of electrons increase in
  each energy level?

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Metals Bonding

• What is bonding?
• Why do they bond?
• Metals form ionic bonds.

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Ions

• Charged atoms
• Caused by adding or removing electrons
• Cation positive ion
• Lost electron(s)
• Anion negative ion
• Gained electron(s)

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Ions

• Atoms gain or lose electrons to be more like
  noble gases
• Charge equal to number of electrons gained or
  lost
• What is the charge on an electron?
• If something has a charge of 0 and loses an
  electron, what will the charge on the ion be?

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Ionic Bonding

• One atom steals the electrons of another
• Metals have extra electrons they want to get rid
  of, nonmetals need electrons
• Nonmetals will steal the electrons from the
  metals, they both become more stable then

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Ionic Bonding
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Metallic Bonding

• What is it?
• Lots of cations (metals that have lost electrons)
  all have electrons flying around between them
• These spaces make them good conductors

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Metallic Bonding
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Nonmetals Bonding

• How do metals bond?
• How do nonmetals bond?
• What is covalent bonding?

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Covalent Bonding

• Sharing electrons
• Bonding between nonmetals, usually

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Nonmetal Bonding
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Diatomic Elements

• There are 7 elements that are naturally found as
  diatomics
• This means they are most stable bonded in pairs
• H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, I2, Br2

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Bonding Practice

• Would these be metallic, ionic, or covalent?
• Na and Cl
• Au and Ag
• Cs and S
• P and O
• I and Zr
• C and O
• Mg and O

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Hydrogen

• Where is it on the periodic table?
• Is it a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid?
• Extremely reactive element, combines easily with
  oxygen as combustion

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Combustion of Hydrogen
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Hydrogen

• How common is it in the universe?
• Most on Earth is in water
• Hydrogen as an element is diatomic, what does
  this mean?

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Carbon

• Where do you find carbon?
• What are some different compounds made only of
  carbon?
• These are called allotropes

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Potatoes

• When theyre in the ground theyre potatoes
• When theyre smashed and heated theyre mashed
  potatoes
• When theyre combined with milk and boiled
  theyre called potato soup
• When theyre fried theyre potato chips
• All are different ways of using the same thing,
  but theyre all a potato
• This is what an allotrope is

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Carbon

• Graphite, diamond, and Buckminsterfullerene are
  all compounds containing only carbon
• ALLOTROPES

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Oxygen

• 2 main ways oxygen is found in the air, what are
  they?
• O2 we breathe this, all large life depends on
  it
• O3 the ozone layer limits radiation