An Introduction To Ecology

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An Introduction To Ecology

• Chapter 50

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• Ecology study of interactions between organisms
  and environment.
• Consists of abiotic (nonliving i.e. temperature,
  light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

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http//www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossar
y/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm
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• Population group of individuals of same species
  living in an area.
• Community all organisms of all species that
  live in an area.
• Ecosystem above plus abiotic factors.
• Biosphere sum of all ecosystems.

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http//people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8
en/img/biosphere.gif
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• Distribution affected by temperature, water,
  sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil.
• Type of each will determine what can live there.

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http//www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTyp
es1.jpg
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• Temperature and water are biggest factors.
• Biomes major types of ecosystems.
• Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to
  ocean, mountains, etc.

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http//z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg
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Aquatic biomes

• 2 types marine and freshwater.
• Stratified vertically photic zone (light) and
  aphotic zone (little light).
• Bottom of aquatic is benthos food is detritus
  that falls from above.

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http//www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17
lakeutrophic.jpg
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• Freshwater close to shore littoral zone.
• Open water limnetic zone.
• ALakes classified by nutrients 1eutrophic
  shallow and nutrient-rich 2oligotrophic deeper
  and nutrient-poor.

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Oligotrophic lake
http//kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b
-Eutrophic.jpg
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Eutrophic lake
http//www.spatial.maine.edu/snoox/images/eutroph
ic_lake.jpg
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• BWetlands area covered with water supports
  plants.
• CEstuaries area where freshwater meets ocean.
• Intertidal zone land meets water.
• DCoral reefs dominated by coral.

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Wetlands
http//www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands
.jpg
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Estuary
http//www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg
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Coral Reef
http//212.84.179.117/i/Coral20Reef.jpg
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• EOceanic pelagic biome away from shore.
• Abyssal zone lowest part of benthos deep-sea
  hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic
  organisms.

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Abyssal zone
http//206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/M
onsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG
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Terrestrial biomes

• Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the
  permafrost at the bottom.
• ATropical forest little light reaches ground
  because of deep canopy.
• Rainfall determines life in area.

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Tropical Forest In Madagascar
http//www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC202.
jpg
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• BSavanna scattered trees and grasses.
• Fire helps increase diversity.
• Has rainy season.
• CTemperate grassland seasonal drought, fires
  prevent tree growth.
• Most used for farming.

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Savanna
http//www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/s
avanna3.jpg
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Grasslands
http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/
Images/picgrassland.jpg
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• DDeserts sparse rain, some are cold.
• Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e.
  water storage, alternative forms of
  photosynthesis)
• EChaparral evergreen shrub long, hot, dry
  summers with fires.

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Desert
http//pangea.stanford.edu/hsiao/desert.jpg
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Chaparral
http//www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslan
ds92rw.jpg
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• FTemperate deciduous forest small mammals,
  leaves fall during autumn.
• GConiferous forest cone-bearing trees, trees
  have needles.
• HTundra permafrost covers ground, low
  diversity.

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Deciduous forest
http//www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG
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Coniferous forest
http//www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/
coniferous.jpg
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Tundra
http//photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg
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http//www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome20
map.gif