Title: Introduction to Climate: Overview
1Introduction to Climate Overview
2Radiation Pathways and Budget(342 W/m2 is the
total Solar 1,370 W/m2 averaged over the Earths
Surface)
3Seasonal Radiation
4Solar Radiation Drives the Large Scale Flow
5Unequal Distribution of Solar Radiation,
compounded by reflection
WATER
6Atmospheric Temperature Profile US Standard
Atmosphere.
Cirrus cloud level. High cold clouds, visible
optical depth range 0.001 to 10, emits IR to
surface in the IR window.
From Liou
7SOLAR ALBEDO OF VARIOUS SURFACES
8Distribution of Radiation
9Global Climate Models The Job
10Global Climate Models The DOE ARM PROGRAM
- Mission Statement
- The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) ARM
Climate Research Facility (ACRF) has been
designated a national user facility for the
purpose of providing this unique asset for the
study of global change to the broader national
and international research community. Research at
this facility will include the study of
alterations in climate, land productivity, oceans
or other water resources, atmospheric chemistry,
and ecological systems that may alter the
capacity of the Earth to sustain life. Global
change research also includes the study,
monitoring, assessment, prediction, and
information management activities to describe and
understand - The interactive physical, chemical, and
biological processes that regulate the total
Earth system - The unique environment that the Earth provides
for life - The changes that are occurring in the Earth
system and the environment and how these changes
are influenced by human actions.
11Simple Model for Earths Atmosphere
12Simple Surface Temperature Calculation Assuming
Solar Absorption only at the surface, IR emission
by the atmosphere and Earths surface, and IR
absorption by the Atmosphere.
S0 1376 W/m2Solar Irradiance at the TOA and
?Stefan-Boltzmann constant
13Solar Radiation Components Direct beam, total,
and diffuse irradiance.
Sun image (NRL) from SKYLAB, 1973, 304 nm.
http//solardat.uoregon.edu/SolarRadiationBasics.h
tml
Direct Beam Irradiance (detector normal to sun
rays) like measuring laser irradiance. Total
Irradiance, also called Global Irradiance, direct
diffuse (detector horizontal) Diffuse
Irradiance (detector horizontal)
14Mauna Loa Hawaii on a relatively clear day
BlueDirect Beam Irradiance (detector normal to
sun rays) YellowTotal Irradiance, direct
diffuse (detector horizontal) OrangeDiffuse
Irradiance (detector horizontal) GREENDiffu
se Longwave irradiance from the atmosphere.
http//cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov8000/www/all/rad/
15Mauna Loa Hawaii on a partly cloudy day
BlueDirect Beam Irradiance (detector normal to
sun rays) YellowTotal Irradiance, direct
diffuse (detector horizontal) OrangeDiffuse
Irradiance (detector horizontal) GREENDiffu
se Longwave irradiance from the atmosphere.
http//cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov8000/www/all/rad/
16Boulder CO on a relatively clear day
BlueDirect Beam Irradiance (detector normal to
sun rays) YellowTotal Irradiance, direct
diffuse (detector horizontal) OrangeDiffuse
Irradiance (detector horizontal) GREENDiffu
se Longwave irradiance from the atmosphere.
http//cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov8000/www/all/rad/
17Boulder CO on a partly cloudy day
BlueDirect Beam Irradiance (detector normal to
sun rays) YellowTotal Irradiance, direct
diffuse (detector horizontal) OrangeDiffuse
Irradiance (detector horizontal) GREENDiffu
se Longwave irradiance from the atmosphere.
http//cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov8000/www/all/rad/
18William Ruddiman, The Ruddiman Hypothesis.
The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Emissions Era Began
8 Thousands of Years Ago for CO2 and 3 Thousand
years ago for CH4. These emissions have
prevented North America and Europe from
experiencing 3 to 4 C cooling and an ice in North
East Canada. Agriculture would be difficult
without these emissions. CO2 comes from burning,
and CH4 (swamp gas) comes from the decomposition
of vegetation in standing water (rice fields,
wetlands, soon the tundra). Much CH4 is stored
as methane-ice in the ocean. Belching animals
also make CH4.
It is a good thing that we saved ourselves from
the ice age. Too much of a good thing could
cook us. Should we slow our pace of fossil fuel
use to better spread our effects over time?
William Ruddiman is a marine geologist. He
received his PhD from Columbia University, and is
currently Professor Emeritus of Environmental
Sciences at the University of Virginia. He was
the Chair of this department from 1993 -1996.
Prior to this, he was a senior research scientist
at the Lamont-Doherty Observatory in New York, a
program associate with the National Science
Foundation, and a Senior Scientist/Oceanographer
with the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office in
Maryland
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20From Scientific American, March 2005, Ruddimans
article.
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24THE CARBON CYCLE WHERE DOES CO2 GO???
CARBON RESERVOIRS (GIGATONS)
C Exchange Rate
25CLIMATE DATA PUBLISHED ON THE IPCC WEBSITE
- Recognizing the problem of potential global
climate change, the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) established the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
in 1988. It is open to all members of the ?UN and
WMO. - The role of the IPCC is to assess on a
comprehensive, objective, open and transparent
basis the scientific, technical and
socio-economic information relevant to
understanding the scientific basis of risk of
human-induced climate change, its potential
impacts and options for adaptation and
mitigation. The IPCC does not carry out research
nor does it monitor climate related data or other
relevant parameters. It bases its assessment
mainly on peer reviewed and published
scientific/technical literature. - See http//www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm
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39IR IMAGE OF GULF STREAM OCEAN CURRENT
See http//marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/sat_data/
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