Botkin and Keller

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Chapter 20

• Water Supply, Use and Management

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Groundwater and Streams

• Groundwater
• Water found below the Earths surface, within the
  zone of saturation, below the water table
• Water table, recharge zones, discharge zones,
  aquifer, cone of depression
• Effluent Stream
• A type of stream where flow is maintained during
  the dry season by groundwater seepage into the
  channel
• Influent Stream
• A type of stream that is everywhere above the
  groundwater table and flows in direct response to
  precipitation

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Water Supply A U.S. Example

• Water budget
• a model that balances the inputs, outputs and
  storage of water in a system.
• Defines the natural variability and availability
  of water
• Over 99 of the Earths water is unavailable or
  unsuitable for beneficial human use
• It is expected that the total water withdrawn
  from streams and groundwater in the U.S will
  decrease but the consumptive use will increase

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Desalination as a Water Source

• Desalination a technology to remove salt from
  water
• Increased cost

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Water Use

• Off-stream use
• water removed from its source for use
• In-stream use
• the use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric
  power generation, fish and wildlife habitats and
  recreation

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Water Conservation

• the careful use and protection of water resources
• Agricultural Use
• Domestic Use
• Industry and Manufacturing Use
• Perception and Water Use

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Sustainable Water Use

• The use of water resources by people in a way
  that allows society to develop and flourish into
  an indefinite future without degrading the
  various components of the hydrologic cycle or the
  ecological systems that depend on it

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Wetlands

• Areas that are inundated by water or where the
  land is saturated to a depth of a few centimeters
  for at least a few days per year
• Wetlands serve a variety of functions that
  benefit ecosystems and people

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Channelization and the Environment

• Channelization
• An engineering technique that consists of
  straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or
  lining existing stream channels
• Purpose
• Control floods, improve drainage, etc.

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Flooding

• The most universal natural hazard in the world
• The frequency and severity are increased by
  urbanization
• Avoid building on floodplains

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