Specific Joints

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Specific Joints

• Hip Joint
• Knee joint
• Ankle Joint

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Hip Joint (ball and socket)

• Bones
• Head of the femur
• Acetabulum

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Hip Joint

• Anatomical Components
• Articular Capsule very dense strong fibrous
  capsule that covers the femoral head and neck
  like a sleeve extends from the rim of the
  acetabulum to the neck of the femur.
• The capsule has two sets of fibers the
  longitudinal and circular fibers. The circular
  fibers forms a collar around the femoral neck
  called the zona orbicularis. the longitudinal
  retinacular fibers travel along the neck and
  carry blood vessel.

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Hip joint Capsule
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Accessory Ligaments

• Iliofemoral ligament thickened portion of the
  articular capsule extends from the anterior
  inferior iliac spine to the intertrochanteric
  line of the femur.
• Pubofemoral ligament attaches across the front
  of the joint from the pubic part of the rim of
  the acetabulum to the neck of the femur.
• Ischiofemoral ligament attaches from the ischial
  part of the acetabular rim to the neck of the
  femur.

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Posterior view
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Ligaments

• Ligament of the head of the femur triangular
  band, extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to
  the fovea capitis of the head of femur.
• Acetabular labrum fibrocartilage rim attached to
  the margin of acetabular fossa.
• Transverse ligament of the acetabulum strong
  ligament that bridges the acetabular notch.

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Movements

• Flexion and extension of the thigh
• Abduction and adduction of the femur
• Medial lateral rotation of the thigh
• Circumduction of the thigh

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Knee Joint (Hinge Joint)

• It is the largest one of the most complex joint
  of the body. It consists of 3 joints in single
  synovial cavity.
• Bones involved Femur, tibia Patella
• 1- Laterally- tibiofemoral joint, between the
  lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus
  lateral condyle of the tibia (modified hinge)
• 2- Medially- 2nd tibiofemoral joint, between the
  medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus
  medial condyle of the tibia (modified hinge)
• 3- An intermediate patellofemoral joint- between
  the patella patellar surface of the femur
  (planar joint)

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Knee joint
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Anatomical Components

• Articular capsule unite the bones. A ligamentous
  sheath surround the joint, consists of muscle
  tendons or their expensions.
• Medial and lateral patellar retinacula fused
  tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris
  muscle fascia lata.
• Patellar ligament
• Oblique popliteal ligament
• Arcuate popliteal ligament
• Tibial collateral ligament
• Fibular collateral ligament

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Anterior View
Posterior View
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Intracapsular Ligaments

• Ligaments within the capsule that connect the
  tibia femur.
• a. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Limits the
  hyperextension of the knee prevents the
  anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
• b. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Prevents
  the posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
• Articular discs (menisci) 2 fibrocartilage discs
  between the femoral tibial condyles
• Medial meniscus semicircular piece of
  fibrocartilage (C-shaped cartilage)
• Lateral meniscus circular piece of
  fibrocartilage (incomplete O in shape)
• Bursae
• Prepatellar bursa
• Infrapatellar bursa
• Suprapatellar bursa

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Cruciate ligaments Menisci
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Bursae of Knee Joint
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Movements

• Flexion
• Extension
• Slight medial rotation lateral rotation in the
  flexed position.

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Knee Injuries

• Swollen Knee causes- damage blood vessels,
  rupture of ACL, torn menisci, fractures or
  collateral ligaments sprains (common in football
  players)
• Water on the knee excessive production of
  synovial fluid
• Dislocated Knee displacement of the tibia
  relative to the femur (anterior dislocation)

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Ankle Joint (Hinge Joint)

• The ankle joint (talocrural) is formed by
• 1- distal end of tibia its medial malleolus
  with the talus
• 2- Lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus
  
• Retinacula Thickened fibrous band
• Superior inferior extensor retinacula

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Anatomical Components

• Articular Capsule
• Deltoid (medial) ligament Strong, flat
  triangular ligament
• Lateral ligament
• Movements Dorsiflexion plantar flexion

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Common Problems

• Ankle fractures distal end of the leg involve
  both malleoli (potts fracture)
• Ankle sprains
• most common ankle injury, occur in sports during
  running jumping
• Sprains of the lateral ankle is common.