World War

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World War
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Europe On the Eve of War

• National Aspirations
• Balkans
• Alliances
• Russia / France / Britain
• Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy
• Internal Conflicts
• Ethnic Conflicts
• Social Discontent
• Socialists Labor Movements

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Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis
Ferdinand
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Germany

• Support to Austria
• Declares war against Russia
• Two Front War
• France (west)
• Russia (east)
• Quickly invade France through Belgium before
  mobilization of British / Russians

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Village near Arras, France, conquered by the
Germans in May 1915. The whole village is
intersected by trenches.
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Industrial War
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On April 22, 1915, the Germans for the first time
made a large scale use of poison gas.
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Air Power
1903
World War I Airplanes
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German Cemetery at Bethune
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German Cemetery at Bethune
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United States

• Initial Neutrality
• Economic
• England 800 million
• Germany 170 million
• Political
• England Democratic / Constitutional
• Russia monarchy
• Social
• Traditional cultural ties to Allies
• What about all of the EUROPEAN Immigrants in the
  United States?

Woodrow Wilson
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Russian Revolution (s)

• Domestic Social Unrest
• The Duma (March 1917)
• Legislative body formerly under Nicholas II
• Monarchy deposed ----
• Provisional Government established
• Tsar Nicholas II and family assassinated
• Soviets (local councils) created in every region
• Criticized initial Provisional Government too
  conservative
• Bolsheviks - political group within each region
  see opportunity to get elected to head individual
  Soviets

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Bolshevik Revolution (Oct. 1917)

• Lenin inspires Bolsheviks
• Complete overthrow of capitalist system
• Violent overthrow / revolution
• Bolshevik control over soviets
• Communists
• Platform
• End war w/ Germany
• Land redistribution
• Factories industries to worker committees
• Power from Provisional Government to soviets

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New Russian Government

• Anti-Communists in Russia opposed Bolsheviks
• Inability to cooperate politically / militarily
• New Government lead by Politburo
• Revolutionary Terror
• Cheka secret police
• Goal destruction of any and all opposition
  against Bolsheviks
• Communists called for World Wide Revolution

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U.S. Involved

• Sinking of Lusitania (1915)
• 1200 dead / 100 Americans
• U.S. supplies to Allies
• 1914 Election
• Wilson perceived anti-war candidate
• Zimmerman Telegraph (1917)
• Real threat?

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(Cont.)

• German U-Boats Total War on all ships
• Congress 1917
• Military / Economic support to Allied forces
• 100,000 American Soldiers needed
• Need public support ---- major campaign to
  convince public that U.S. needs to help Allies

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U.S. Troops

• 18 Foreign Born
• 10 African American
• Receive 6 month training
• Bulk of U.S. force in Europe by Feb. 1918
• Nov. 1918 entering Germany
• Peace Agreement November 11, 1918

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U.S. Wartime Economy

• Local War Defense Councils established to make
  communities ration
• War Industries Board
• Set wages / Prices
• Establish Production
• Goals for Distribution

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(Economy)

• Bernard Baruch
• NYC investment banker
• Adds other bankers on Board
• Exemption from anti-trust restrictions
• Government Business
• Progressives worried that BIG Business will go
  unregulated / unchecked
• Bad for labor
• Reversals of reforms / protectionist legislation

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Homefront

• Food Administration
• Raised Production / Lowered consumption
• Meatless Thursday
• Fuel Administration
• Raised Production / Lowered consumption
• Daylight Savings Time

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Influenza of 1918 killed WORLDWIDE an estimated
20-40 million people (no official number
available) U.S. estimated deaths 70,000 died
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Peace

• Wilsons Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
• U.S. Congress rejects
• French / British Vengeance
• War Guilt Clause
• Reparations of 33 Billion
• Dawes Plan
• Reduction in German reparation payments
• Germans get a Recovery Loan from U.S.
• Complete German Disarmament
• Drastic Reduction of Military

• New Nations
• Finland
• Latvia
• Estonia
• Lithuania
• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
• Austria
• Hungary
• Yugoslavia
• Mandates
• France
• Lebannon
• Syria
• England
• Iraq
• Palestine

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Peace?

• Russians pulled out
• Wilsons Fourteen Points proposal rejected by
  U.S.
• Article 10 of U.S. Constitution states only the
  U.S. Congress can decide to send U.S. to war
• NOT a group of foreign leaders
• Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• No secret treaties allowed between nations
• German Disarmament
• No fighting over colonial possessions
• Removal of economic barriers
• General Association of nations
• League of Nations
• U.S. does not join despite Wilsons efforts

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U.S. Afterward

• Labor Unrest
• During war unions recognized by Businesses
• Labor agreed not the strike during War
• 3300 strikes in 1919
• Racial Conflicts heighten
• 440,000 returning black soldiers
• 25 race riots in Southern / Northern states
• Red Scare (Summer 1919)
• RED now associated with Communism
• Radical social unrest in U.S. including race riots

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World Afterward

• Armistice Peace without victory
• France / Britain punishing Germany
• Billions in German reparations
• Germany unable to pay
• Tremendous repercussions
• Leads to worldwide Economic Depression
• Disillusionment --- the first MODERN industrial
  war
• Modern weaponry kills MILLIONS