Quick review of chapter 2

1
Quick review of chapter 2

• Phonetics and phonology Understanding the sounds
  of speech

2
Quick review of chapter 2

• Phonetics deals with the _________________________
  __ of sounds

• Phonology deals with the ___________________ of
  these sounds

• The auditory cortex deals with sounds The faster
  _______ _______ mainly deals with sound used
  linguistically while the slower right hemisphere
  mainly deals with sound used ____________

• Different sounds are categorized according to
  ________ ________ ( where in the mouth and
  throat) and ________ _________ ( complete
  closure to complete openess)

• The IPA comprises of graphemes that have a
  ___________ with the sound they represent.

3
Quick review of chapter 2

• When doing phonetic and phonological analysis, we
  use the _____________, which is enclosed in

• We deal with variation in production of sounds
  (and of pretty much anything else as well) by
  ______________

• ______ ( phones) are categorized into
  ____________, which are enclosed in / /
  (orthographic writing is enclosed in lt gt)

• The __________ is a unit of organization of a
  sound sequence

• There are three types of allophonic variations
  ___________ variation, _________ variation, and
  ________________________

• A phonological system is composed of a set of
  _____________, ________ variations, and a set of
  ______________ rules (also called phonotactics)

4
Chapter 3

• Morphology The analysis of word structure

5
The organization of grammar
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Grammar
Syntax
Comprehension
Production
Semantic
Concepts
6
What is morphology?

• That part of the grammar that is concerned with
  words and word formation

• Words and parts of words are stored in our mental
  dictionay or lexicon

cranberry
berry
chief
boot
marry
-ed
-ize
nail
cran-
hanker-
married
hankerchief
Mary
-s
nails
7
What is morphology?

• Here is a more realistic view of the mental
  lexicon

8
What is morphology?

• Morphology is a set of rules that stipulate how
  this word/morpheme will combine with that other
  word/morpheme

faithful
-ful
faith
Noun (N)
The suffix ful can only combine with Ns
quickful
-ful
quick
Adjective (A)
9
What is morphology?
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
packen
-en
pack
Noun (N)
bluen
-en
blue
bluÉ
As coda has to be an obstruent
Adjective (A)
blushen
-en
rich
ÈitS
Adjective (A)
10
What is morphology?
1 s
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
2 ss
abstracten
-en
abstract
Ǿbstr¾kt
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
As coda has to be an obstruent
A has to be monosyllabic
11
Cerebral anatomy
12
Morphological processes in the brain

• We dont know (yet) where the morphological
  component is situated in the brain

but
13
Morphological processes in the brain

• In any case, as my supervisor Gary Libben found,
  part of our brain seems to act as a meaning
  inhibitor

• He discovered this by doing an experiment with an
  aphasic called RS.

• RS had a left temporal-parietal intra-cerebral
  hemorrhage

Butter
dumb
fly
bell
Meaning inhibitory component probably somewhere
in here

• RS was asked to paraphrase the meaning of
  compounds such as

14
Some useful definitions

• Word the smallest free form found in language

• Free form an element that does not have to
  occur in a fixed position with respect to
  neighbouring elements

What are these things?
-s
turn
re-
tree
Free form
Word
15
Morphemes

• These things are called morphemes

They are morphemes
-s
turn
re-
tree
Free form
Word

• Morphemes smallest unit of language that
  carries information about meaning or function.

16
Types of morphemes

• There are 2 types of morphems

• Bound morphemes the morpheme cannot occur by
  itslef and must be attached to another element

-able
re-

• Free morphemes the morpheme can occur by itself

17
Allomorphs

• Allomorph variant forms of a morpheme

Do you remember the concepts of phone and
phoneme from chapter 2?
18
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• Phonemic variation meaning variation

19
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• Phoneme are comprised of a set of real world
  sounds (might be 1, might be more)

20
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• The set of real world sounds contained in the
  phoneme will have a relationships of

• Free variation or

• Complementary distribution

21
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• The set of real world sounds contained in these
  phonemes could have a relationships of

22
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• Or a relationship of

23
AllomorphsRemember phones phonemes?

• Allophones different sounds representing a
  single mental category

24
Allomorphs

• Well, alloMORPHS are (almost) just like
  allophones

• AlloMORPH variant forms of a morpheme

Morphemes smallest unit of language that
carries information about meaning or function.
In addition, morphemes mental categories,
just like phonemes, comprised of real world
instances.
/ön-/
ön-
öm-
öN-
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Negative
25
The morphemeA bigger picture
26
Morphemes are symbolic signs

• Some instances of morphemes

Symbolic sign
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Morpheme
Negative
The one who Xs
Symbolic sign
Morpheme
Morpheme
Symbolic sign
Quality or condition of X
Against X
27
Analyzing word structureRoots and affixes

• Root the core of the word, which carries the
  major component of its meaning

• Typically belong to a lexical category

• Affix bound morpheme

-en
-ful
-s
-ed
in-
re-
28
More on lexical classesRemember this?
We categorize things and concepts
29
More on lexical classes We do this with respect
to LCs too

• Lexical categories (LCs) are categories of
  concepts

Language A
30
More on lexical classes

• The grouping of these concepts will change from
  language to language

Language B
31
Analyzing word structureBases

• Base the form to which an affix is added

-en
black
blackened
-ed
V
Base for -ed
V
Root for en and ed as well as base for -en
Af
Af
A
-en
black
-ed
32
Analyzing word structureTypes of affixes

• There are 3 types of affixes

• Prefixes

re-
fill

• Infixes

fucking
defence
de
fence
fucking

• Suffixes

-er
work
33
First part of

• In-class activity 2

34
Lexial categories

• Assign a lexical category to your words using the
  following conventions

35
Lexical categories

• Assign a lexical category to your words

N
N
N
N
V
V
N
N
N
N
N
A
N
N
V
V
N
N
V
N
36
Word formation processes

• There are 3 types of word formation processes

• Derivation

• Compounding

• Inflection

37
Derivation

• Derivation Affixational process that forms a
  word with a meaning and/or lexical category
  distinct from that of the base.

Suffixation
Prefixation
38
Complex derivations

• Derivation can apply more than once.

N
V

• Thus, it is possible to create multiple levels of
  word structure

A
Af
Af
V
Af
-ive
act
-ate
-tion
39
Complex derivations
N

• What is the structure of the following derivation?

N
A
Af
Af
V
Af
Anticreativity
40
Constraints on derivation

• Remember the ful derivational process?

• What were the constraints this derivational
  process?

faithful
-ful
faith
Noun (N)
The suffix ful can only combine with Ns
quickful
-ful
quick
Adjective (A)
41
Constraints on derivation
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
packen
-en
pack
Noun (N)
bluen
-en
blue
bluÉ
As coda has to be an obstruent
Adjective (A)
blushen
-en
rich
ÈitS
Adjective (A)
42
Constraints on derivation
1 s
blacken
-en
black
bl¾k
Adjective (A)
2 ss
abstracten
-en
abstract
Ǿbstr¾kt
Adjective (A)
The suffix en can only combine with As
As coda has to be an obstruent
A has to be monosyllabic
43
Constraints on derivation Another example
worker
-er
work
eater
-er
eat
The er suffix attaches to verbs that have an
agentive participant, which it will designate.
fighter
-er
fight
haver
-er
have
lier
-er
lie (down)
exister
-er
exist
44
Two classes of derivational affixes

• There are 2 types derivational affixes

• Class 1 affixes Often trigger changes in the
  consonant or vowel segment of the base and may
  affect stress placement

partial
-(i)al
part
/pt/
/pt(j)\l/
/-(j)\l/
/pt/
\"pt(j)\l/
pút
"púS\l
-(j)\l
pút
"púS\l
45
Two classes of derivational affixes

• There are 2 types derivational affixes

• Class 2 affixes Tend to be phonologically
  neutral, having no effect on the consonant or
  vowel segment of the base or on stress placement.

promptness
-ness
prompt
/pmpt/
\"pmptn\s/
/-n\s/
/"pmptn\s/
/pmpt/
púmpt
-n\s
púmpt
"púmptn\s
"púmptn\s
46
Second part of

• In-class activity 2

47
Make up some affixes

• First, make up 1 type one prefixes, 1 type two
  prefixes, 2 infixes. 1 type one suffixes, and 1
  type two suffixes

Thats a total of
6 affixes
48
Creating prefixes
49
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Determine the phonological make-up of your type
  one prefix

/i/
/r/
50
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Determine the phonological make-up of your type
  two prefix

/n/
/e/
51
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Choose a meaning/funtion for your prefixes from
  the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

• Choose the lexical category to which it will
  attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
  conversion

/ri-/
not, without
N ? N
/en-/
after in time
V ? V

• Make an example for each prefix

• Go back to your list of words and choose an
  appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
  category)

52
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
53
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Put the prefix and the selected word together

/"riXy/ without a dog/s
54
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

X
i
gt
ö
/ri"Xy/ _ "Xigtö without a dog/s
55
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Put the prefix and the selected word together

/en"ru/ to track later
56
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

n
X

/
/en"ru/ _ /n"X to track later
57
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes

• Note that these type one affixes will change the
  stress of the word it attaches to, but not the
  type two affixes

/"riXy/ without a dog/s
Stress shift
/en"ru/ to track later
NO stress shift
58
Creating infixes
59
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Determine the phonological make-up of your first
  infix

/i/
/d/
60
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• This is the second infix

/V/
/a/
61
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Choose a meaning/funtion for your infixes from
  the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

• Choose the lexical category to which it will
  attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
  conversion

/-di-/
to X
N, A, P ? V
/-aV-/
to X upward
N ? V

• Make an example for each infix

• Go back to your list of words and choose an
  appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
  category)

62
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
63
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

64
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

• Find an appropriate place to split your word open
  and insert the infix

65
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

• Find an appropriate place to split your word open
  and insert the infix

• Resyllabify the new word

O
N
N
C
O
66
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

T
a
y
n
D
/"dadin/ _ "TaDyn to weapon
67
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

68
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

• Find an appropriate place to split your word open
  and insert the infix

69
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

• Find an appropriate place to split your word open
  and insert the infix

• Resyllabify the new word

O
N
N
C
O
70
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

²
a

n
²
/"VaVun/ _ "²a²n to water upwards
71
Creating suffixes
72
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

• Determine the phonological make-up of your type
  one suffix

/e/
/n/
73
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

• Then make up a type two suffix

/y/
74
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

• Choose a meaning/funtion for your suffixes from
  the prefix suffix lists that I gave you

• Choose the lexical category to which it will
  attach and/or whether there is a lexical category
  conversion

/-ne/
one who Xs
V ? N
/-y/
made of X
N ? A

• Make an example for each infix

• Go back to your list of words and choose an
  appropriate word ( a word of the right lexical
  category)

75
Make up some affixesMy languages prefixes
76
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

• Put the suffix and the selected word together

/run"ne/ one who hunts
77
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

å
u
n

n
/run"ne/ _ åun"n one who hunts
78
Make up some affixesMy languages suffixes

• Put the suffix and the selected word together

/"yny/ made of fruit
79
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• I will syllabify the new word

O
N
N
O
80
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

/
ö
ö
n
/"yny/ _ "önö made of fruit
81
Make up some affixesMy languages affix list
IPA help

• Then, list your affixes

Type of affix
Type one
Type two
Affix
82
Make up some affixesMy languages derivation list
IPA help

• Last, list words you have created as so

83
Word formation processes

• There are 3 types of word formation processes

• Derivation

• Compounding

• Inflection

84
Compounding

• Compounding Combination of two already existing
  words.

N
N
N
Symbolic sign
Beautiful flying insect with large wings
85
Compounding

• Another compound we saw previously

N
A
N
Symbolic sign
Type of weights used to exercise
86
Compounding

• Notice how the right-most word provides the
  lexical category and the core meaning to the
  compound?

• This morpheme is called the head ( root)

• In English, compounds are right-headed.

87
Compounding

• Compounds in other languages can be left-headed

Tagalog
French
rainwater
policeman
blackboard
88
Properties of compounds

• Compounds have special properties that
  non-compounds lack

• Pronounciation

• In particular, adjective-noun compounds are
  characterized by more prominent stress on their
  first component

Stress here
Stress here
89
Properties of compounds

• They are islands

• In English, tense and plural markers can
  typically NOT be attached to the first element

-es
-(e)s
OK
-s

• They can, however, be attached to the whole unit

90
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

• The meaning of a compound can be exocentric or
  endocentric.

• Remember this compound?

Exocentric coumpound The meaning of the
compound does not follow from the meaning of its
parts.
91
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

• Another exocentric compound we saw previously

Exocentric coumpound The meaning of the
compound does not follow from the meaning of its
parts.
92
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

• This guy is endocentric.

N
N
N
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
A hole that is dug in the ground to obtain oil.
93
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

• This guy is also endocentric compound.

A
P
A
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
Advanced in development beyond the stage of
maturity or ripeness.
94
Endocentric and exocntric compounds

• And another endocentric compound.

V
N
V
Endocentric coumpound Denotes a sub-type of the
concept denoted by its head.
Symbolic sign
To give food to a person with a spoon.
95
Third part of

• In-class activity 2

96
Creating some compounds
97
Make up some compounding rules

• First, choose whether your language is righ- or
  left-headed, or both

• I want my language to be both left- and
  right-headed

• Second, put some constraints on your compounds

98
Make up some compounding rules

• Second, create 4 well-formed endocentric
  compounds

99
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
V
V
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
To go in pursuit of dogs.
100
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

gt
ö
u
n
è
/"Xyrun/ _ "öèun to dog hunt
101
Make up some compounding rules

• This is my second compound

102
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
A
V
A
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
Hot like when you work hot.
103
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

n
a
a
/
/"naa/ _ "na/a hot like when you work
104
Make up some compounding rules

• This is my third compound

105
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
N
N
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
A knife used to cut bread.
106
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

ø
ö
a
n
n
/"nanWi/ _ "nanøö bread knife
107
Make up some compounding rules

• This is my fourth compound

108
Endocentric and exocntric compounds
V
V
N
Endocentric compound
Symbolic sign
To work making a house to buld a house.
109
Make up some affixesMy languages compounds
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

/
\
a
/
/"ea/ _ "/\/a to build houses
110
Make up some affixesMy languages compound list
IPA help

• Last, list words you have created as so

111
Word formation processes

• There are 3 types of word formation processes

• Derivation

• Compounding

• Inflection

112
Inflection

• Inflection is mostly a derivational process

Inflection

• That is, inflection is mostly marked by affixes

• Inflection contrasts with derivation in the
  following ways

Derivation

• No category change

• The bases category does not change, nor does the
  type of meaning it denotes

113
Inflection

• Inflection contrasts with derivation in terms of
  order

• Inflectional affixes must follow a derivational
  affix

N
N
IA
DA
N
-hood
neighbour
-s
DA Derivational Affix
IA Inflectional Affix
114
Inflection

• Inflection contrasts with derivation in terms of
  productivity

• Productivity the relative freedom with which an
  affix can combine with bases of the appropriate
  category

• Inflectional affixes can attach to more bases
  than derivational affixes

The inflectional suffix ed (e.g., worked) can
attache to more bases that the derivational
suffix th (e.g., fourth).
115
How inflection is marked

• The most common type of inflection is affixation

• There are, however, other ways to mark inflection

• Internal change

• Suppletion

• Reduplication

• Tone placement.

116
How inflection is markedInternal change

• Internal change Substitutes one non-morphemic
  segment for another to mark a grammatical
  contrast

117
How inflection is markedSuppletion

• Suppletion Replaces a morpheme with an entirely
  different morpheme in order to indicate a
  grammatical contrast

118
How inflection is markedReduplication

• Reduplication Repeats all or part of the base
  to which it applies

119
How inflection is markedTone placement

• Tone placement tone is used to indicate a
  grammatical distinction

?
Tone in Mandarin Chinese
Indicates a meaning distinction
120
Fourth part of

• In-class activity 2

121
Creating inflectional affixes
122
Make up some inflectional affixes

• First, choose which number distinction(s) your
  language will have

Some examples
123
Make up some inflectional affixes

• Second, make up an affixal signifier for each
  signified

• Then choose what type of affix it/they will be

124
Make up some inflectional affixes

• My languages singular prefix will have the
  following signifier

/u/
/Y/
125
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Choose a word of your list of words to add your
  affix to

126
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

å
u
n

n


/Yurun"ne/ _ åun"n one hunter
127
Make up some inflectional affixes

• My languages dual infix will have the following
  signifier

/a/
/W/
128
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Choose a word of your list of words to add your
  affix to

129
Make up some inflectional affixes

• Put the infix and the selected word together

• In this case, I will split the head of my
  compound word open and insert the infix

130
Make up some affixesMy languages infixes

• Resyllabify the new word

O
N
O
N
N
C
O
131
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

n
é
é
i
a
n
a
/"nanWaWi/ _ "nanéaéi two bread knives
132
Make up some inflectional affixes

• My languages trial suffix will have the
  following signifier

/y/
-/s/
133
Make up some inflectional affixes

• This is my fourth compound

134
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Now crank it through your phonological system

y
n
S
i
½
/"sinsi/ _ "ZynSi three cups
135
Make up some inflectional affixes
IPA help

• Last, but not least, list your affixes and your
  new words

Affix type
136
Now your language has a

• morphological system in addition to a
  phonological system!

137
In other words
By the way, J.R.R. Tolkien also did this

• You have created a system that creates meaning
  and allows you to exchange messages! Imagine
  that!!!!! WOW!!!

138
Quirks QuarksLanguage thought 1
139
Summing up

• Morphology deals with the formation of words

• Words and parts of words are stored in our mental
  lexicon

• Morphology stipulates rules that define how words
  and parts of words combine together

• It is probable that the meaning inhibitor
  component of language is nested in cerebral
  tissue in Wernickes area

• A word is the smallest free form found in
  language

• A free form is an element that can occur on its
  own and is not fixed relative to its neighbours

• Morphemes are the smallest unit of language
  carrying information about meaning or function
  (they are signs)

• Morphemes are also mental categories, similarly
  to phonemes

140
Summing up

• There are two types of morphemes

• Bound morphemes morphemes that CANNOT occur on
  their own

• Free morphemes morphemes that CAN occur on
  their own

• Allomorphs variants of a morpheme

• Nouns refer to concrete and abstract things

• Verbs denote actions and states

• Adjectives name properties

• Prepositions encode spatial relations

141
Summing up

• There are three types of affixes ( bound
  derivational morpheme)

• Prefixes attaches before the base

• Infixes is inserted within the base

• Suffixes attaches after the base

• Base the form to which an affix added

• Root the core of the word, which carries the
  major component of its meaning

• There are 2 types derivational affixes

• Class 1 affixes change the stress pattern

• Class 2 affixes are phonologically neutral

142
Summing up

• Compounding Combination of two already existing
  words.

• Compounds are left- or right-headed

• Compounds can be endocentric or exocentric

• Inflection is mostly a derivational process

• Inflection contrasts with derivation in the
  following ways

• No category change

• Order

• Productivity

143
Summing up

• Inflection can be marked by

• Affixation

• Internal change

• Suppletion

• Reduplication

• Tone placement

144
Thats all for today

• See you tomorrow