Persian War

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A Tale of Two Cities A
Tale of Two Wars

• Persian War
• Athens Sparta vs. Persian Empire
• Peloponnesian War
• Athens vs. Sparta

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Brief History of Greece

• The first great civilization in Greece and Crete
  was the Minoan (2000 BCE 1400 BCE).
• Around 1400 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization
  supplanted the Minoan, and dominated Greece until
  about 1100 BCE, when barbarians known as Dorians
  invaded.

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The Hellenic Era

• Founding of Mycenae on the Peloponnesus
  (2000-1250 B.C.)
• Mycenae (Greeks) battled for control of the
  Aegean Sea with Troy

Trojan War
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Emergence of the Polis, or Greek City-State

• Starting around 800 BCE a new civilization, the
  Hellenic, became dominant in Greece.
• By 750 B.C. city-states began to form
• The Hellenic civilization was composed of two
  strands, the Dorian and the Ionian.
• This civilization gave rise to a new form of
  social/political organization the polis.

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The Polis

• The polis was an independent, self-governing city
  of between 50,000 and 300,000 people.
• Several dozen polises (Greek poleis) dotted the
  Greek countryside
• In each polis, politics, religion, and social
  life were closely intertwined.

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Types of Government

• Two types of government were used in the Greek
  Polises.
• The Dorians generally had an oligarchic form of
  government.
• The Greek word oligarchy means rule by the few.
• The Ionians developed the first democratic form
  of government.
• Democracy means rule by the people.

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Sparta and Athens

• Generally speaking, the Dorians depended upon
  agriculture, while the Ionians were seafarers and
  merchants.
• The two primary poleis were Sparta and Athens.
• Sparta was Dorian, oligarchic, and had an
  agriculture-based economy.
• Athens was Ionian, democratic, and depended on
  seafaring and trade.

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Background History

• The Greek City-States under the leadership of
  Athens defeated the Persian Empire
• Athens is acknowledged as the leading Greek state
• However, as Thucydides relates in his history,
  Athenians increasingly fear Sparta as a
  competitor and believe they must increase Athens
  power and subjugate Sparta

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• Athens and Sparta were both poleis
  (plural of polis.)
• Both were city-states, independent, with their
  own sub-culture and form of governance.
• No capital city of Greece
• While you were Greek--and proud of it--your
  primary allegiance and loyalty were towards
  your city-state
• Many city-states in Greece and elsewhere.
• Athens and Sparta mentioned the most because they
  emerged as the most powerful ones.

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TERMS

• Monarchy
• Rule by a king
• Oligarchy
• Rule by a small group of people. Usually elites
  bound together by interests and wealth.
• Aristocracy
• Rule by a small group of people, but in the
  classical definition, theyre chosen for their
  virtue and wise rule (though this wasnt always
  the case).

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TERMS

• 4. Tyranny
• Rule by a individual with absolute power who took
  power by force, sometimes with popular support
• Acropolis
• Center and citadel of city-state. Literally
  means high city or city at the top.
• Usually refers to the one in Athens today
• Agora
• An open public area acting as a center of public
  life and also the marketplace

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• Helot
• Land-bound serfs that worked Spartan land
• From surrounding land of Laconia and Messenia
  that were conquered.
• Owned by the state and not individual
  masters--masters could not sell them.
• Sparta got half of the helots crops.
• Significantly outnumbered the citizens.
• The potential threat they presented was another
  reason why the Spartans had such a potent army
• Spartans were reluctant to fight too far from
  Sparta lest the helots act up

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Different Values

• Spartan Values
• Strength
• Duty
• Discipline

• Athenian Values
• Individuality
• Beauty
• Freedom

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Athens-A city of the Wise

• City located on southern portion of the Greek
  peninsula, not on the Peloponnesus
• A city run by thinkers and known for both its
  military might and wisdom in government and
  battle
• Appropriately named after Athena, goddess of
  wisdom in battle and counsel

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Ancient Greek Map
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Athens
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Athens-Evolution of Democracy

• Around 1300-700, Athens is ruled by kings.
• Over time it changes to an aristocracy (a few
  powerful, elite rule),
• Then a tyranny (one person takes control)
• Finally--by 450--a democracy (rule by many)

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Athens-Democratic Principles

• New, democratic ideas emerge from Athenian
  culture and society
• Direct Democracy Citizens elect their
  representatives
• Public Debate Becomes an art in Athens to
  discuss and argue specifics of government
• Duties of the Citizen All citizens have
  responsibilities such as voting, participating in
  the government process

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• Athens famous for being primary basis of Western
  Civilization
• Its democracy wasnt always constant, and
• Its form slightly different than what were
  familiar with.
• Athens originally a kingdom which morphed into
  more of an aristocracy that became unstable,
  partially due to laws being oral and arbitrary
• In 621 BC, Draco was appointed to codify the laws
• Unpopular move because the laws (both as they
  already existed and were codified by Draco, but
  also most especially as designed by Draco) were
  extremely harsh.

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• More on Draco
• Death was the penalty for even minor crimes, like
  stealing vegetables.
• Draco claimed that this was an appropriate
  punishment and if something even worse were
  found, he would have applied to greater crimes.
• Different classes were also treated differently
  debtors could be sold into slavery if in debt to
  a higher class.
• An upside is that murder was punished by the
  state instead of by blood-feud vendettas.
• It is from Draco that the term draconian
  derives.

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• Solon
• The Athenian lawmaker that first established the
  basis of civil democracy
• Dracos constitution wasnt working out too well
  and in 594 BC, Solon revised it (almost
  completely).
• He threw out all of Dracos laws except those
  concerning homicide.
• He had to strike a balance between the concerns
  of the aristocracy and those of the poor.
• The poor were disgruntled at the possibility of
  they and their families being sold into slavery
  if they were in debt to an aristocrat.
• The aristocrats wanted to prevent a revolution
  and keep their wealth (and their skin).

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• Some reforms
• Debt-slavery was abolished. Anybody who had been
  sold into slavery due to debt was liberated.
• All outstanding debts were abolished.
• Death penalty only for murder.
• Classes were based on income, not birth
• Pentakosiomedimnoi Those whose land produced 500
  bushels per annum
• Hippeis Those who were worth 300 bushels
• Zeugitai Those who were worth 200 bushels
• Thetes Manual laborers.
• Move was important because it helped break the
  power of hereditary aristocracy

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• Some reforms cont.
• Introduced trial by jury
• Set up new system of government
• Included a third class in the Boule (council of
  400 100 from each of the four tribes)
• After the new laws published and official, he
  left Athens for 10 years to avoid temptation to
  become a tyrant
  though he was effectively
  one in making the laws
• Went touring.
• Neither the poor nor the rich of Athens happy
  about new laws at first
• the aristocrats had debts to them abolished and
  the poor didnt get more wealth, but they liked
  them over time.

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• Peisistratus (Hippocratess son)
• Mentee of Solon
• Became leader of Athens poor in 565 BC
• Initial attempts at seizing control of Athens
  failed
• Seized power in 560 BC, Tyrant by 546 BC.
• Made popular reforms.
• Reduced taxation
• Introduced festivals
• Increased trade and commerce
• Produced coin money
• Beautified the city

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• Peisistratus cont.
• Had official copies of the Iliad Odyssey
  written.
• Helped the poor, gave them jobs through public
  works,
• Poor were satisfied supported him.
• Preserved the democratic institutions, but loaded
  upper bodies with family cronies.
• When he first took power in 560 BC, it was
  through cunning deception. Did it again later.
• Solon urged the Athenians to resist Peisistratus,
  but they were too cowardly and Peisistratus too
  powerful.
• Solon himself openly opposed Peisistratus.

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• Cleisthenes
• Took power with Spartan help after Peisistratuss
  son Hippias was exiled
• Reformed the government
• Previously, there were multiple tribes and there
  was conflict among the city folk, hill folk, and
  plain folk.
• Cleisthenes organized ten entirely new tribes
  each composed of people from the three regions
  and of different family tribes.
• Broke old tribal or class loyalties reoriented
  people towards the state.
• Solons council of 400 became the Council of 500,
  50 people from each new tribe.

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• Cleisthenes cont.
• Assembly became main governing body of Athens and
  dealt with day to day affairs.
• Anybody was eligible to serve for one year and it
  was expected that all male citizens would serve
  eventually.
• Also served as a supreme court / jury, except for
  murder cases and religious matters
• --those remained to the Areopagus)
• With the establishment of the assembly, Athens
  became a representative democracy.
• The citizens themselves ran it.

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Four Reformers

• Draco (621 B.C.)
• Written code of laws
• Solon (594 B.C.)
• Eliminated debt slavery
• Peisistratus (546 B.C.)
• Caters to peasants
• Cleisthenes (508 B.C.)
• Council of 500

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Six Steps to Democracy

• Outlawed Slavery
• Reduce nobility
• Redistribute land
• Assembly
• Council of 500
• Ostracism

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• Women
• Women didnt have the same rights as in Sparta
• Expected to take care of the home
• Boys were taught reading and writing and
• Girls were taught domestic skills by slaves like
  spinning and sewing
• Not allowed out of the house except nearby
  travels
• Main purpose was to produce healthy children
• Unusual considering that women played an
  important role in some religious rites and the
  citys patron goddess was Athena

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• Women cont.
• Women could be educated if they were Hetaerae
• A bit like Japanese geishas
• Educated to entertain men with good conversations
  at parties
• Learned physical talents, like dancing
• Some forced into prostitution
• Despite public social discrimination, their
  opinions were often respected by men
• Pericless mistress Aspasia was a hetaera

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• Slavery
• Practiced throughout Greece and in Athens
• Rules governing it differed from city-state to
  city-state.
• Slaves usually barbarians, typically captured in
  war.
• Others were born slaves or their free parents
  sold them into slavery for money.
• Considered by some an abomination to enslave a
  fellow Greek.
• Greeks could be slaves, but many free Greeks
  didnt like the idea.
• Treatment different than that associated with
  American slavery.

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• Slavery cont.
• Relatively well-treated in Athens when compared
  with other places.
• Couldnt slap a slave because you might
  inadvertently hit a citizen instead.
• A master could beat his slave, though.
• Testimony was taken only under torture.
• Could buy freedom or earn through fighting in
  war.
• Masters could free their slaves.
• Even then, though, they couldnt be citizens and
  there were still conditions on them.
• In other city-states, treatment was much worse.

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Sparta It was here
SPARTA
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Sparta- A City of Warriors

• Those who lived around Sparta lived vastly
  different lives.
• They were more focused on war and building up
  strength to fight
• An early slave revolt causes the Spartans to
  create strict laws that demanded public
  allegiance to the state.
• Although they did have artistic culture, much of
  their energy was spent tuning their military
  skills

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Sparta- Rise of the Oligarchy

• olig (few or little in Greek) arche (rule)
• Rule by a few
• Sparta develops a system where either the
  city-state was controlled by a king or by an
  oligarchy
• Citizens are not encouraged to speak freely, the
  few who rule were usually powerful military
  leaders.

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• In Greek, Spartans known as Lacedaemonians
• Lacedaemon was the name of the city-state while
  Sparta was the ancient town
• According to legend, founded by Lacedaemon, son
  of Zeus and Taygete (a nymph)
• Controlled most of southern Peloponnese
• Argos Arcadia were main rivals on the
  Peloponnese

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Plutarch, Greek Biographer
on Spartans

• The women did not bathe the babies with water,
  but with wine, making it a sort of test of their
  strength. For they say that the epileptic and
  sickly ones lose control and go into convulsions,
  but the healthy ones are rather toughened like
  steel and strengthened in their physique. The
  nurses displayed care and skill they did not use
  swaddling-bands, making the babies free in their
  limbs and bodies. They also made them sensible
  and not fussy about their food, not afraid of the
  dark or frightened of being left alone, not
  inclined to unpleasant awkwardness or whining. So
  even some foreigners acquired Spartan nurses for
  their children.

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Plutarch on Spartans

• "They learned reading and writing for basic
  needs, but all the rest of their education was to
  make them well-disciplined and steadfast in
  hardship and victorious in battle. For this
  reason, as boys grew older, the Spartans
  intensified their training, cutting their hair
  short and making them used to walking barefoot
  and for the most part playing naked. When the
  boys reached the age of twelve, they no longer
  had tunics to wear, but got one cloak a year.
  Their bodies were tough and unused to baths and
  lotions. They enjoyed such luxury only a few
  special days a year. They slept, in packs, on
  beds which they got together on their own, made
  from the tops of the rushes to be found by the
  river Eurotas. These they broke off with their
  bare hands, not using knives."

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• Culture
• Sparta was a military culture
• The entire Spartan culture went towards
  developing and fielding a strong army
• This was to preserve itself as well as to keep
  down the helots
• Children were taught at home until they were
  seven
• At Seven, began their training
• Exercises for them and all ages were always in
  the nude.
• At 13, they were dropped off in the woods in
  groups with nothinghad to survive (without theft)

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Spartan Military

• Men married at the age of 20
• Had to live in barracks for ten years
• If they wanted to see their wives, they had to
  escape
• At the age of 30, men could finally move home and
  were full citizens
• Still ate every meal in the military dining hall
• Food was sparse and plain

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• MILITARY SERVICE
• Began military service at 20
• Soldiers not allowed to trade or hold
  non-military occupations.
• These were done by a class called the periokoi,
  free non-citizen inhabitants of Sparta.
• Exercised full rights and duties of citizens at
  30.
• Werent free from military service until 60.
• To help ensure the physical superiority of their
  people, babies were bathed in wine shortly after
  birth.
• If they survived, they were taken to elders.
• If the elders deemed the baby unfit, it was left
  exposed to die on a hillside (other city-states
  practiced exposure).

Spartan mother to her son as he goes off to
war Return with your shield, or on it.
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• Government
• Two (hereditary) Kings, Five Ephors, Gerousia
  Apella
• Two kings equal in power exercised various
  duties.
• Eventually became less powerful/important,
• were primarily generals
• Five Ephors council elected for one year by the
  Apella. All citizens were eligible.
• Gerousia (Senate) a council of 30 elders
  (over 60 yrs)
• Elected for life by the Apella.
• Could veto the Apella.
• The Apella (lower legislative body).
• Every citizen over 30 could attend.
• Votes were taken by shouts.

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• Women
• More independent than in other
  city-states
• Learned reading/writing
• Girls given similar harsh physical training as
  the boys
• Many domestic tasks were left to the helots
  periokoi
• Received same amount/quality of food as boys
• Could own/control property and
• Could overtake husbands property while he was _at_
  war.
• Expected to defend it too and to put down
  revolts.
• Not rushed into bearing children.
• Husbands also allowed other men to bed their
  wives and produce children.
• May have practiced polyandry.

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Sparta- Athens in Conflict

• Each city had a vastly different social and
  government structure.
• Although they agreed on issues such as the
  limited role of women and the role of slaves,
  they had many disagreements
• Athenians were interested in military strength,
  but also in art and culture.
• Spartans were only interested in military power.
• This type of rift leads to fighting across the
  Peloponnesus.

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The Persian Wars

• Athens Sparta
• vs
• Persian Empire

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The Greeks at War
Between 500 and 400 B.C. the Greeks fought
several wars. Two were against the powerful
Persian Empire to the east of Greece. Then a
civil war broke out among the city-states of
Greece.
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Why did the Persians invade Greece?
In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of
people who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian
Greeks.
AGH! Those Greeks will pay for this
Help!
Were on the way
In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the mainland
Greeks to help them rebel against the Persians.
Athens sent warships to help them, but they were
not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.
This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry
with Greece.
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In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands
of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to
punish the Athenians for helping the rebels.
The Persian army landed at Marathon, north of
Athens, in 490 B.C. Persians greatly
outnumbered Greeks.
Persian Empire
The Persians were amazed at the strong will of
the small Athenian force. They had no horses or
archers, only fierce foot soldiers.
Marathon
Athens
Sparta
After a few days, the Persians decided to attack
Athens by sea.
While they were loading their ships, the
Athenians attacked and defeated them. The
Persians Retreated.
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Marathon
The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides
to carry home news of the victory. He sprinted
26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state
of Athens. He arrived and said, Rejoice, we
conquer, and died from exhaustion The Marathon
race is named after this event.
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What Happened at Thermopylae?
The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a
temporary victory. He encouraged the
Athenians to build up their fleet and prepare for
battle with the Persians.
In 480 B.C. Darius son Xerxes sent a larger
force to conquer Greece. He sent 200,000 soldiers
and nearly 1,000 ships. By this time Athens had
convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty
Greek city-states joined together to meet the
Persian invaders.
Sparta took charge of the army.
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Persia Invades Greece
The Persian army had little trouble as it moved
through northern Greece. It came to a narrow
mountain pass called Thermopylae...7,000 Greeks
waited for the Persians. For several days they
stopped the Persian army from moving
forward Someone led the Persians behind the Greek
army, the Spartan soldier began to retreat to
their ships as the Persians marched forward.
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Thermopylae The Last Stand
A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded
by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of
Thermopylae. They held out heroically against
he enormous Persian force for three days. They
were betrayed when someone told the Persians how
to get behind the army. They were defeated, but
won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.
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Who won at Salamis?
The Persians marched south after their victory at
Thermopylae and destroyed the city of Athens.
Thermopylae
The Athenians had already moved to Salamis, a
small nearby island.
Salamis
Athens
More than 800 Persian ships attacked the Athenian
navy near the island.
The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the
water.The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.
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Results of the Persian Wars

• The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased.
• Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in
  Greece.
• Athens takes credit leading the victory.
• Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance
  with other Greek city-states.
• Athens used the league to assert power and build
  an Athenian Empire.
• They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced
  people to stay in the league against their will.
• Persia still exists.
• Greek cities in Asia Minor are still controlled
  by Persia.

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Athens in the Age of Pericles
The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles
brought about a Golden age in Athens. This was
from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called
the Age of Pericles.

• Pericles believed that all male citizens,
  regardless of wealth or social class, should take
  part in government.
• He paid salaries to men who held public office.
  
  
• This enabled the poor to serve in the government.
• The assembly met several times a month and needed
  at least 6,000 members present to take a vote.
• This was direct democracy, a large number of
  citizens took part in the day to day affairs of
  the government.
• Pericles stated, We alone, regard a man who
  takes no interest in public affairs, not as
  harmless, but as a useless character.

Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens
into the cultural center of Greece.
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Age of Pericles

• Elected to lead Athens on and off for 30 years.
• All citizens can hold office.
• - ½ of population not citizens
• Slaves made government participation possible.
• City is rebuilt with Delian funds.
• City-states that oppose Athens are crushed by
  League.

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Athens as Leader

• Athens rebuilds after the Persian War.
• Rather than win by conquest, it tries diplomacy.
• Many allies together, sharing money, troops and
  ships.

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Delian Leagueor Empire?

• League consists of Athens and 140 city-states.
• No member can withdraw without all the others
  agreeing. (Athens can thus control)
• 465 BC Xerxes dies Persia not a threat.
• League still exists
• Athens takes treasury, spends on itself.
• League becomes a financial empire.

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The Peloponnesian War

• Athens Delian League
• vs
• Sparta the Peloponnesian League

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Greek against Greek
Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination. The
Greek world split into rival camps.
To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other
enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian
League. Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy
(government run by business) in the states of the
Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported
democracy.
A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all
of Greece
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Peloponnesian War

• Athens faced a serious geographic disadvantage
  from the start.
• Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was
  no good against them.
• When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed
  people from the countryside to move inside the
  city.
• Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third
  of the people.
• Internal struggles undermined the Democratic
  government of Athens.
• Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy,
  against the Delian League.
• Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the
  Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and
  stripped it of its fleet and empire.

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The Peloponnesian War

• Sparta attacks Athens
• Sparta has no Navy
• Athenians hide inside walls.
• Athens controls the ocean, from Delian League.
• Athens gets greedy, attacks Sicily LOSES.
• Sparta builds small navy, stops food from getting
  in.
• Eventually, Athens surrenders.

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The Aftermath of War

• The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness.
• In Athens Democratic government suffered
  Corruption and selfish interests replaced order.
• Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world.
• Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of
  Thebes, another Greek city-state.
• Greece was left vulnerable to invasion.
• Cultural development was arrested.

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Sparta Controls Greece

• Sparta gets respect, seems to rule.
• But other city-states gain control.
  Corinth, then Thebes
• Greece is left weak.
• City-States fight, use up resources.
• Greece conquered by Philip II from the region of
  Macedon to the North.
• Philip unites, son Alexander takes over

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Macedonia and Alexander the Great
In 338 B.C. King Phillip II of Macedonia led his
army from the north and conquered Greece. After
his death his son, Alexander the Great, went on
to conquer the entire Greek world.
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Macedonia

• Philip II saw the weakened state of Greece
• He valued Greek culture his son Alexander was
  educated in Athens
• He took over Greece before any other power could
• Was Persia next?

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Alexander the Great

• Philip died before attacking Persia
• His son, Alexander, took over and Persia fell to
  his armies
• Alexander went on to control areas in the Middle
  East and Asia

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Alexanders Empire
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