The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle
The Life Cycle of even a small part of the
Digital Cadastre is a complex process that can
span one to many years. The following is
incomplete, and in only intended to highlight
some of the issues faced by various stakeholders
of the Digital Cadastre. Click on any of the
buttons for a separate page of additional
information.
Read more on Business Dependencies
Land Developer approaches Council
Council assesses the Proposed Subdivision
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Business Dependencies
For Council The Digital Cadastres Life Cycle
will be a different stages for many parts of the
Digital Cadastre for a single Council. The
accuracy of the Digital Cadastre will vary across
the Councils jurisdiction. The Council may have
many live systems tied to the Cadastre, thus any
error managing the Digital Cadastre may manifest
itself in legal action against Council. For a
Utility Those Utilities that take their Digital
Cadastre from the States Custodian, the delay
between being asked by the Developer for costings
on their infrastructure (Power, Water, etc) to
receiving the definitive Digital Cadastre can be
years, even from the time the services are
activated. Incorrectly placed assets in their GIS
may manifest itself in legal action.
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Behind the Scenes!
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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle cont
Council issues a Provisional Approval
Council may enter the Subdivision into their GIS
Land Developer approaches the Utilities
Each Utility assesses the Proposed Subdivision
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Land Developer approaches Council

• The Land Developer must approach Council with a
  proposed subdivision.
• It is in the Land Developers interest to have a
  Land Surveyor involved to design the subdivision.
• Aspects such as drainage, run-off, views, road
  grades and layout, accuracy of previously
  registered plans are all topical at this point
• Consideration must also be given to the location
  of utility services, the total cost of
  development, the likely selling price, and
  economic factors.

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Council assesses the Proposed Subdivision

• Council must assess the Proposed Subdivision.
  Factors include
• The need for open space, preservation of the
  natural habitat
• The suitability of the land to accommodate human
  inhabitation flooding, protected species, etc
• Transportation and service delivery, can the
  inhabitants get in and out easily, garbage
  trucks, bush fire fighting, etc

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Council issues a Provisional Approval

• Councils issue a Provision Approval, ensuring
• The Land Developer cannot register the individual
  parcels until Council is satisfied the roads,
  gutters, footpaths and any special conditions
  have been met

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Council may enter the Subdivision into their GIS

• Council GIS may enter the Proposed Subdivision
  into the GIS. Factors include
• Making the subdivision available for planning
• Garbage, bus routes, run-off and flood mitigation
• Protection of endangered flora and fauna,
  aboriginal and historic sites
• Compliance with zoning and construction
  regulations
• Shopping, Commercial and Industrial services
• How to fit the subdivision into the existing
  Digital Cadastre, or hold it as a separate layer

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Land Developer approaches the Utilities

• The Land Developer must approach each Utility to
  get costings and Provisional Approval. Factors
  include
• The Utilities must design their infrastructure
  and cost them for the developer
• Only then can the developer be sure of the costs
  associated with the Proposed Subdivision

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Each Utility assesses the Proposed Subdivision

• Each Utility must assess the Proposed
  Subdivision. Factors include
• Specialist design rules, sewerage running
  downhill, power line clearances, flood mitigation
• Compliance with latest regulations
• Network loading and future planning

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle cont
Each Utility may enter the Subdivision into their
GIS
The Developer constructs the Subdivision
The Council Engineer inspects and approves
The Council Clerk stamps the plan Approved
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Each Utility may enter the Subdivision into their
GIS

• Each Utility GIS may enter the Proposed
  Subdivision into the GIS. Factors include
• Making the subdivision available for planning
• Load Planing SCADA, etc
• Design Modifications other subdivisions nearby
  may affect the choice to increase capacity
• How to fit the subdivision into the existing
  Digital Cadastre, or hold it as a separate layer
• Note their GIS entry is almost certainly
  different from Councils
• Work as Executed Surveys fit better if the
  subdivision is entered accurately

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The Developer constructs the Subdivision

• Each Subdivision is different, some stages
  proceed quickly and sometimes the developer goes
  into liquidation. Factors include
• Rising costs
• Real Estate demand
• Plant and operator availability
• Weather

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The Council Engineer inspects and approves

• Council must ensure the roads, gutters and
  footpaths are satisfactory. Reasons include
• Inappropriate construction, if approved, will
  have to be rectified by Council, at the rate
  payers expense
• Non complying construction may be hazardous to
  the general public, contravene zoning and
  constriction regulations, etc

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The Council Clerk stamps the plan Approved

• If the Council has no objections to the
  subdivision Council will approve the Subdivision
  Plan. This means
• The developer can then take the Plan of
  Subdivision to the Land Titles Office and
  register the plan

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle cont
The Land Titles Office checks the Plan
The States Cadastral Custodian receives the Plan
The Utilities receive the updated Digital Cadastre
The Council receive the updated Digital Cadastre
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The Land Titles Office checks the Plan

• When the Land Titles Office receives the approved
  Subdivision Plan to they
• Ensure the survey dimensions are valid, and that
  the subdivisions boundaries fit to the existing
  surrounding plans
• If there are discrepancies, the Developers
  Surveyor must make satisfactory alterations
• Note that dimensions can change at this time!
• The Land Titles Office will then register each
  parcel, allocating a legal Title for each
  parcel
• The Land Titles Office will also forward the
  final plan to the States Digital Cadastre
  custodian so the parcels can be added to that
  theme

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The States Cadastral Custodian receives the Plan

• When titles have been issued for each new parcel,
  the Plan is sent to the States Digital Cadastral
  Custodian. They
• Have to fit the subdivision into the existing
  Digital Cadastre as it cannot be held as a
  separate layer
• Note their GIS entry is almost certainly
  different from Councils, and to the various
  Utilities
• They plan may have changed since Council last saw
  it, and SSM/GPS Coordinates may have been revised
• Thus the States Cadastre rarely agrees with the
  Stakeholders Council and Utilities

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The Utilities receive the updated Digital Cadastre

• Note that this is some considerable time after
  the assets were constructed, and Work as
  Executed Plans finalised
• Power has been energised, water, sewerage,
  telephones and cable are in service
• The Utilities must either rely on their own
  resources to maintain their own cadastre, against
  which their assets fit, OR adopt the States
  cadastre with definitive parcels and move their
  assets to fit

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The Local Council receives the updated Digital
Cadastre back!

• Note that this may be some considerable time
  after the Plan of Subdivision was approved
• Council may have incorporated the subdivision
  into many GIS layers, including suburb and zoning
  layers any change can affect the vertical
  topology between their GIS layers
• The Council must either rely on their own
  resources to maintain their own cadastre, against
  which their assets and GIS layers fit, OR adopt
  the States cadastre with definitive parcels and
  move their assets and GIS layers to fit

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle cont
National Agencies receive the updated Cadastre
Private sector buy National Themes
Local Govt buys Accurate Orthophotography
The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle begins again!!!
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National Agencies receive the updated Cadastre

• Note that this may be some considerable time
  after the Plan of Subdivision was incorporated
  into the Digital Cadastre
• National Themes, including local roads, census,
  political boundaries are dependant on the Digital
  Cadastre from each State/territory

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Private sector buy National Themes

• National entities, such as Banks, Freight,
  Retail, Marketing Research, purchase the National
  Cad-Lite product, and derive their own spatial
  layers based on this data
• When overlaid with local themes and
  orthophotography the ongoing???

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Local Govt buys Accurate Orthophotography

• High Resolution Orthophotography is now available
  at an affordable cost to most councils
• When purchased, it often shows discrepancies with
  the Digital Cadastre, AND ALL themes derived
  spatially from the Digital Cadastre
• The challenge to councils GIS is to upgrade the
  Digital Cadastre and all spatially dependant
  themes to the Ortho, and to then track all
  subdivisions as they evolve
• The other challenge is to then synchronise this
  with the States Digital Cadastre, either by
  passing this to the States custodian, or by
  adjusting future deliveries coming in to Council

Achieving a Survey Accurate Cadastre!
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Achieving a Cartographic Accurate Cadastre!
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Achieving a Cartographic Accurate Cadastre!

• There are 2 essential components
• Accurate High Resolution Orthophotography
• The Spatial Adjustment Manager
• (which has been purpose built for this task!)
• An operator picks occupations (fencing) from the
  Ortho and common points in the Digital Cadastre
• The Digital Cadastre and all spatially dependent
  layers are upgraded painlessly
• All major GIS formats are supported

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Achieving a Survey Accurate Cadastre!

• There are 3 essential components
• Survey Accurate Coordinates on points on the
  Registered Plans
• Registered Plans
• Access to a Spatial Tapestry Approved DCDB
  Upgrade Specialist

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle begins again!!!

• As soon as the Council passes an upgraded Digital
  Cadastre (large or small) to the States Digital
  Cadastral Custodian they must
• Adjust their geometry to the new geometry SAM
• OR
• Incorporate the new geometry
• Maintain their internal attributes
• Edge match and adjust surrounding parcels
• Maintain Vertical Topology with other layers
• Then
• Pass the modified Digital Cadastre to their
  clients and other Stake Holders (Local, State and
  National)

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The Digital Cadastral Life Cycle cont
Council receives their updated Cadastre back
Utilities receive an updated, unexpected Cadastre
National Agencies receives more updated Cadastre
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Council receives their updated Cadastre back

• Hypothetically, there should be an exact match
  and little more than a visual check should be
  necessary
• In practice, there may be discrepancies between
  the two cadastres due to errors, the natural
  evolution of the Cadastre as other Subdivisions
  evolve
• More research may be needed here

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Utilities receive an updated, unexpected Cadastre

• Each Utility must adjust their assets to fit this
  new updated Cadastre, which can be small in area
  or as large as a Local Government Area
• Fortunately, the SAM-Utils product has been
  purpose built for this task!

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National Agencies receives more updated Cadastre

• The National Agencies (e.g. PSMA) are basically
  faced with pockets of data changing their
  geometry all over Australia
• Some of the data has different topologies,
  brought about by subdivisions, edits, etc
• The remaining data has upgraded topologies, and
  it is here that SAM-Utils could be a significant
  benefit any upgraded cadastre (e.g. via SAM Cad
  or SAM Ortho) can easily be incorporated at the
  national level to their other themes

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Behind the Scenes
(Some)Local Govt DigitalCadastre
State Govt DigitalCadastre
National DigitalCadastre (PSMA)
(Most)Local Govt DigitalCadastre
National DigitalCadastre Clients
State Govt DigitalCadastre Clients
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One-way Distribution

• Involves a complex mix of
• Upgrades meaning the coordinates have been
  moved (hopefully) to the better position
• Minor Updates where the shape and/or number of
  points has changed, but automated routines can
  manage
• Major Updates where the shape and/or number of
  points has changed, but automated routines CANNOT
  manage

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Read more!
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Two-way Distribution

• Involves a complex mix of
• Upgrades meaning the coordinates have been
  moved (hopefully) to the better position
• Minor Updates where the shape and/or number of
  points has changed, but automated routines can
  manage
• Major Updates where the shape and/or number of
  points has changed, but automated routines CANNOT
  manage
• GOING BOTH WAYS
• Usually uncontrolled and with little warning
• Usually with differing GIS Systems

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More on Two-way Distribution

• Major Improvement Scenario
• One party or the other leads, passing the final
  improved Digital Cadastre to the other
• Outsource to the private sector, all receiving
  the final improved Digital Cadastre when done
• Especially suitable for achieving Survey Accurate
  Digital Cadastres
• Incremental Improvement Scenario
• Automated routines can handle Upgrades and Minor
  Updates, but
• Very difficult to manage Major Updates

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More about receiving new Digital Cadastres

• SAM is a purpose built application built to
  (nearly) fully automate the incorporation of a
  new/improved cadastre
• Its purpose is to move the agencys field assets,
  annotation, zoning and other layers to the new
  digital cadastre

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