General Introduction

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General Introduction
Excretory Organs
Lungs Liver Skin Kidneys
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Jareds Surgery

• Moved his maxilla forward and mandible back,
• Added cheek bone implants to make up for the lack
  of actual bone mass in the maxilla,
• Cleaned up of a severely smashed septum, (bone
  in the bridge of the nose)...
• The maxilla cut twice and widened while the
  mandible shortened (bone removal)...
• The bone from the mandible was then added to the
  maxilla in the two places it had been cut...
• All of this was done to line up the teeth and
  align the jaws to a normal position... his jaws
  were then wired shut where they will remain for
  the next 6 - 8 weeks.

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Post Op
Pre-Op
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Pre-Op
Post Op
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Urinary System
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Posterior View
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Functions of the Urinary System
A. Filters Waste Products from Blood B. Regulates
Ion Levels in the Plasma C. Regulates Blood pH D.
Conserves Valuable Nutrients E. Regulates Blood
Volume F. Regulates RBC Production G. Stores
Urine H. Excretes Urine
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Organs of the Urinary System

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

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Kidneys Function

• Filter wastes and produce urine by
• Filtration
• Reabsorption
• Secretion

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Kidneys Location
Retroperitoneal
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Kidneys Structure
Renal capsule Several layers of fat
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Kidneys Structure
2 layers Cortex Medulla
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Kidneys
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Kidneys Structure
Calyx Renal Pelvis Renal Hilus
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Kidneys Structure
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Juxtamedullary and Cortical Nephrons
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Nephron

• Glomerulus
• Bowmans capsule
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule

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Nephron
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Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule
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Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule
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Bowmans Capsule
Podocytes Pedicels Filtration Slits
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Convoluted Tubules
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Collecting Ducts and Loops of Henle
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Tubular Section of Nephron
Figure 23.4b
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Collecting Duct
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Summary of Flow of Fluid
Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted
tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted
tubule Collecting duct Renal papilla Calyx Renal
pelvis Ureter Bladder Urethra Out of body
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Ureters Structure

• Mucosa epithelium
• Muscularis two layers
• Adventitia connective tissue

a lumen b mucosa c circular muscle layer d
longitudinal muscle layer e adventitia
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Ureters
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Ureters Structure
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Ureters Function

• Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary
  bladder

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Urinary Bladder Structure

• Mucosa (rugae)
• Muscularis (Detrusor muscle)
• Adventitia

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Urinary Bladder Function
Micturition Reflex Animation

• Stores and expels urine

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Urinary Bladder
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Urethra Structure
Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia
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Urethra Function
Transports urine from bladder to outside body
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Female Urethra
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Female Urethra
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Male Urethra
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Male Urethra
Prostatic Membranous Spongy/Penile
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Blood Flow Through the Kidney (A RAGE PRV I)

• Abdominal Aorta
• Renal Artery
• Afferent Arterioles
• Glomerular Capillaries
• Efferent Arterioles
• Peritubular Capillaries
• Vasa Recta
• Renal Vein
• Inferior Vena Cava

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Blood Flow Through the Kidney
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Hormones that Regulate Electrolyte Balance

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
• Renal-Angiotensin Aldosterone
• Erythropoetin
• Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

• Released in response to increase in concentration
  of electrolytes in blood or a fall in blood
  volume or pressure
• ADH decreases the amount of water lost at the
  kidneys, which reduces the concentration of
  electrolytes.
• ADH also constricts peripheral blood vessels,
  which helps to increase blood pressure.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

• The enzyme renin is released by kidney in
  response to a decrease in blood volume, blood
  pressure or both.
• Renin starts chain of reactions that lead to
  formation of hormone in liver called angiotensin
  II.
• AG II stimulates adrenal cortex to make
  aldosterone and posterior pituitary gland to make
  ADH.
• Both inhibit salt and water loss at kidneys
  resulting in increased blood volume and blood
  pressure.

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Erthyropoietin

• Released by kidneys in response to low O2 levels
• Stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow.
• Increase number of RBCs elevates blood volume.

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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

• Cells in right atrium make this hormone in
  response to increased blood volume.
• Stimulates loss of sodium ions and water at the
  kidneys
• Inhibits renin release
• Inhibits secretion of ADH and aldosterone
• Result is reduced blood volume and blood pressure.