Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

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Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
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Objectives

• Identify the bones that make up the appendicular
  skeleton.
• Examine how the girdles link between the axial
  skeleton and the upper and lower limbs.

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Pectoral girdles

• Clavicle is the anterior bone and articulates
  with the sternal manubrium.
• Scapula is posterior and articulates with the
  clavicle and the humerus.

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Clavicle

• Acromonial end articulates with the acromonium of
  the scapula and the sternal end articulates with
  the manubrium.

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Scapula (shoulder blade)

• The scapula is a large triangular bone that is
  located on the superior part of the posterior
  thorax between the 2nd and 7th ribs.
• The high point is called the acromium.
• Inferior to the acromium is the glenoid cavity
  which is where the humerus articulates.
• The coracoid process is a projection on the
  anterior surface where the tendons of muscles and
  ligaments attach.

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Scapula
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Scapula
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Upper limbs

• The upper limb has 30 bones in 3 locations.
• Humerus in the upper arm
• Radius and ulna in the forearm
• Carpals (8) in the wrist
• Metacarpals (5) in the hand (palm).
• Phalanges (14) that make up our digits.

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Humerus
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Ulna and radius
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Ulna and radius articulations
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Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
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Carpal tunnel syndrome

• http//www.handuniversity.com/topics.asp?Topic_ID
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Pelvic girdle

• The bony pelvis provides strong support for the
  vertebral column and protection for the pelvic
  organs.
• The pelvic girdle connects the bones of the lower
  limb to the axial skeleton.
• Pelvic girdle made up of two hip bones or coxal
  bones, which are fused from 3 bones.
• They unite anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.
• They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the
  sacroiliac joints.

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Bony pelvis
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Coxal bones ilium, ischium, and pubis
ACETABULUM
Greater sciatic notch
OBDURATOR FORAMEN
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Male vs female pelvises
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Male vs female pelvises
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Male vs female pelvises
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Lower limb

• 30 bones in four locations
• Thigh (femur) 1
• Kneecap (patella) 1
• Leg (Tibia and fibula) 2
• Ankle (tarsus, tarsals) 7
• Foot (metatarsus, metatarsals) 5
• Toes or digits (phalanges) 14

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Femur and patella

• Proximal end articulates with acetabulum.
• Distal end articulates tibia and patella

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Tibia and Fibula
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Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
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Arches of the foot