LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• CELLS
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• ORGANS SYSTEMS
• ORGANISMS

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CELLSPlant Animal

• 1 cell wall, 2 plasma membrane, 3
  mitochondrion, 4 vacuole, 5 Golgi apparatus, 6
  cytoplasm, 7 nuclear membrane, 8 nucleolus, 9
  nucleus, 10 chromatin, 11 endoplasmic reticulum
  with associated ribosomes, 12 chloroplast, 13
  centriole, 14 lysosome

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TISSUES

• A tissue is a collection of similar cells
• Four main types epithelial, connective,
• nervous, muscle

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE TYPES

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES

• LOOSE (Areolar) DENSE FIBROUS

ADIPOSE CARTILAGE
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• NERVOUS TISSUE TYPES
• Motor Neurons Nerve (X-Sec)

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MUSCLE TISSUE
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ORGANS

• Composed of two or more tissue types

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ORGAN SYSTEMS
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ORGANISMS
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BODY CAVITIES

• Crani/o (G) skull (cranial), cranium
• Thorac/o (G) chest (thoracic), thorax
• Abdomin/o (L) abdomen (abdominal)
• Pelv/i (L) basin (pelvic), pelvis
• Spin/o (L) spine (spinal)

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ABDOMINALPELVIC TERMS
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ABDOMINALPELVIC TERMS (cont.)

• Hyp/o/chondr/iac (pertaining to beneath the
• cartilage)
• hyp/o (G) below chondr/o (G) cartilage
  
• iac pertaining to
• Epigastric (pertaining to above the stomach)
• epi- (G) upon, above gastr/o (G)
  stomach
• ic pertaining to

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ABDOMINALPELVIC TERMS (cont.)

• Lumb/ar (pertaining to the lower back)
• Lumb/o (L) loin (lower back)
• Umbilic/al (pertaining to the navel)
• Umbilic/o (L) the navel (belly button)
• (nave (ME) hub of a wheel)
• Inguin/al (pertaining to the groin)
• Inguin/o (L) the groin

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REGIONS OF THE BACK (SPINE)
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• Sacr/o (L) sacrum (sacred) posterior pelvic
• 
  bone
• Sacral pertaining to the sacrum
• Coccygeal pertaining to the tailbone
• Coccyg/o (G) cuckoo (a type of bird)
• Coccyx the tailbone

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Sacrum Coccyx

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Sacrum Coccyx (cont.)

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PAIRED OPPOSITES

• Anterior (Ventral) - Posterior (Dorsal)
• Deep Superficial
• Proximal Distal
• Inferior (Caudal) Superior (Cephalic)
• Medial Lateral
• Supine Prone
• Note that Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal
  Inferior/Caudal, and Superior/Cephalic are
  treated as synonyms

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PAIRED OPPOSITES (cont.)

• Anter/o (L) before
• Anterior pertaining to leading end or
  side
• Ventr/o (L) underside, belly
• Ventral pertaining to the underside or
  belly
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------
• Poster/o (L) after
• Posterior pertaining to trailing end or
  side
• Dors/o (L) roof
• Dorsal pertaining to the back

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• (Dorsal)
• Posterior
  Anterior
• (Caudal)
  (Cephalic)
• (Ventral)

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• Posterior (Dorsal) Anterior
  (Ventral)
• 
  

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• Superior, (Cephalic)
• Posterior (Dorsal) Anterior
  (Ventral)
• 
  
• Inferior, (Caudal)

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PAIRED OPPOSITES (cont.)

• Deep away from the surface
• Superficial (L) pertaining to the surface
• ------------------------------------------------
  -----
• Proxim/o (L) nearest
• Proximal pertaining to nearest to an
• anatomical reference point
• Dist/o (L) stand apart (distant)
• Distal pertaining to furthest from an
• anatomical reference point

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PAIRED OPPOSITES (cont.)

• Medi/o (L) the middle
• Medial pertaining to closest to the
• middle
• Later/o (L) the side
• Lateral pertaining to closest to the side
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------
• Supine (L) lying on the back
• Prone (L) bent foreward, lying on the
• stomach

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BODY PLANES

• Frontal, Coronal
• Midsagittal, Median
• Sagittal, Lateral
• Transverse, Cross-sectional, Axial

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BODY PLANES (cont.)

• Front (L) forehead, brow
• Frontal plane parallel to the forehead
• Coron (L) a crown
• Coronal pertaining to the crown
  (forehead)

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BODY PLANES (cont.)

• Midsagittal (Median) Plane

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BODY PLANES (cont.)

• Sagitt (L) an arrow
• Sagittal (Lateral) plane parallel to
  median plane

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BODY PLANES (cont.)

• MIDSAGITTAL-1 CORONAL(FRONTAL)-2

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BODY PLANES (cont.)

• Transverse Plane

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ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

• Spinal column vrs spinal cord
• Kary/o (G) nut (nucleus)
• Nucle/o (L) nut (nucleus
• Trache/o (L) windpipe
• Trach (G) rough