Magma

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Lava
Magma
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Turning a Pile of Sediment into Solid Rock!
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Lava
Magma
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Deposition

• the process of erosion stops when the
  transported particles fall out of the
  transporting medium and settle on a surface.

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Lava
Magma
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Lithification

• The processes of compaction and cementation of
  this sediment over a long period of time turn the
  sediment into rock. The formation of rock in this
  way is termed

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Sedimentary rocks

• are divided into two broad classes, detrital
  sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks
  as described below.
• Sedimentary rocks make up perhaps only five
  percent or so of the outer 16 kilometers (10
  miles) of the Earth, but the majority of surface
  rocks are sedimentary.
• About 75 of the rock outcroppings on continents
  are sedimentary rocks.

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Lava
Magma
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Clastic rocks

• are classified on two criteria - texture (grain
  size), and composition
• are made of pieces of rock or mineral grains
  that have been broken from preexisting rock.
• Clastic sedimentary rock is a type of
  sedimentary rock that is formed when weathered
  rock debris is physically transported and
  deposited, and is then lithified (turned into
  stone).

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Lava
Magma
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Conglomerate Rocks

• They are made up of large sediments like sand
  and pebbles.
• that forms from the cementing of rounded cobble
  and pebble sized rock fragments.
• The sediment is so large that pressure alone
  cannot hold the rock together it is also
  cemented together with dissolved minerals.

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Breccia

• is formed in a very similar fashion to
  conglomerate.
• The difference between the two rocks is that
  breccia's rock fragments are very sharp and
  angular.
• These rock fragments have not been transported
  by water, wind, or glaciers long enough to be
  rounded and smoothed like in the conglomerate.
• The cementing agents silica, calcite (CaCO3),
  and iron oxides are the same as in conglomerate.

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Sandstone

• is a clastic sedimentary rock that forms from
  the cementing together of sand sized grains
  forming a solid rock.
• Quartz is the most abundant mineral that forms
  sandstone.
• Calcium carbonate, silica, or iron has been
  added to the water that is in contact with the
  sand grains.
• These minerals grow crystals in the spaces
  around the sand grains.
• As the crystals fill the gaps the individual sand
  grains are now transformed into a solid rock.

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Shale

• is a dark-colored rock that is usually black,
  deep red, or gray-green.
• is a type of sedimentary rock formed from clay
  that is compacted together by pressure.
• When shale is wet it get very slippery.
• It has a fine grain and is usually found below
  sandstone, not on the surface.
• Shale was formed from fine silt and clay.

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Lava
Magma
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Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

• form from the precipitation (Precipitation is
  the separating of a solid from a solution) of
  minerals from ocean water or from the breakdown
  of the shells and bones of sea creatures.
• Sea animals such as coral produce calcium
  carbonate solutions that harden to form rock.
• As the chemicals, that comes from the mineral or
  biological precipitation, mix with sediments on
  the floor of the ocean or lake they crystallize
  and grow in the spaces around the sediment.
• When these crystals grow large enough to fill
  the spaces they harden and form a solid rock.

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Limestone

• is the most abundant of the non-clastic
  sedimentary rocks. Limestone is produced from the
  mineral calcite (calcium carbonate) and sediment.
  
• The main source of limestone is the limy ooze
  formed in the ocean.
• The calcium carbonate can be precipitated from
  ocean water or it can be formed from sea
  creatures that secrete lime such as algae and
  coral.

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Chert

• is a very hard sedimentary rock that is usually
  found in nodules in limestone.
• Chert is light gray to dark gray in color.
• It probably formed from the remains of ancient
  sea sponges or other ocean animals that have been
  fossilized.
• Silica has replaced the tissue forming the
  sedimentary rock.
• Flint is a very dark form of chert.
• It breaks like obsidian with conchoidal
  fractures making it widely used by ancient people
  to make arrowheads, spear heads, and knives.

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What is Coal?

• Coal is a readily combustible rock containing
  more than 50 percent by weight of carbonaceous
  material, formed from compaction and indurations
  of variously altered plant remains similar to
  those in peat.
• Most coal is fossil peat. Peat is an
  unconsolidated deposit of plant remains from a
  water-saturated environment such as a bog or
  mire structures of the vegetal matter can be
  seen, and, when dried, peat burns freely

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Peat

• partially carbonized vegetable material, usually
  found in bogs

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Lignite

• Type of coal with lowest carbon content (25 to
  35) and a heat value of only 4,000 to 8,300
  BTUs-per-pound called "brown coal" used mainly
  for electric power generation

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Bituminous Coal

• type of coal with carbon content from 45 to 86
  and heat value of 10,500 to 15,500
  BTUs-per-pound most plentiful form of coal in
  U.S. used primarily to generate electricity and
  make coke for steel

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Anthracite Coal

• type of coal with highest carbon content (86 to
  98) and thus highest heat value (nearly 15,000
  BTUs-per-pound) found mostly in 11 northeastern
  counties in Pennsylvania

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Halite

• is common table salt.
• It forms where brakish (salty) lakes or sea beds
  dry up.
• This evaporation of the water causes the salt to
  precipitate forming the salt crystals.
• Halite frequently occurs in crystal form.
• It is usually colorless but can be reddish brown
  because of iron oxides in the water that it forms
  in.
• Halite has perfect cleavage and a hardness of
  2.5 on the Mohs hardness scale.

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Coquina
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S t .    A u g u s t i n e ,    F l o r i d a

• coquina rock that was used to build Fort Marion,
  was found on Anastiasia Island

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• Some of the Anastiasia Islands are called
  Cantera because so many coquina rocks are found
  there.
• It is native to the area and the most common
  rock found in St. Augustine.
• It is also found along the northern part of the
  east coast of Florida, but not as much as in St.
  Augustine.
• Some of the barrier islands off of Florida's
  coasts are also formed from the coquina deposits.
  
• Some people consider it Florida's most important
  building material because lots of buildings in
  that part of the country were made of it.
• It is not only found in Florida, but also in the
  southeastern United States.

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