DO NOW

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DO NOW

• Fridays Lab DNA Extraction, we saw DNA spooled
  out of the test tube. Do you think you could try
  this on other substances? Why?
• Name two potential sources from Fridays lab.

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WEDNESDAY TEST

• STUDY
• Chapter 10 Mitosis
• Chapter 11 page 275 to end section 12-4.
• Chapter 12 DNA and RNA
• Prepare these two short answers
• Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
• Contrast the function of the three main types of
  RNA

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Mutations

• What is a mutation?
• Mutations are changes in genetic material either
  gene mutations or chromosomal mutations.
• What is a gene mutation?
• When a change involves a single gene.
• What is a chromosomal mutation?
• Change in a whole chromosome.

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Gene mutations

• So what is sickle cell anemia? A gene mutation or
  Chromosome?
• Sickle cell anemia is a gene mutation that is a
  base substitution.
• Gene mutations involve changes in one or a few
  nucleotides.

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Gene Mutations Substitution, Insertion, and
Deletion
Section 12-4
Deletion
Substitution
Insertion
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Chromosomal Mutations

• Chromosomal Mutations involve changes in the
  number or structure of chromosomes.
• What could be some possible consequences of this?
• Change location of the gene, and the number of
  copies of that gene.

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Figure 1220 Chromosomal Mutations
Section 12-4
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
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• Mitosis
• Cells must divide in order to create new cells.
  This is more complicated in eukaryotic cells
  because there are so many organelles.
• Bacteria can just split. This is called binary
  fission In binary fission, the circular DNA is
  copied and separated into two cells. Asexual!

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Figure 104 The Cell Cycle
Section 10-2
G1 phase
M phase
S phase
G2 phase
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Meiosis

• Meiosis occurs in diploid cells. The chromosomes
  duplicate once, and through two successive
  divisions, four haploid cells are produced, each
  with half the chromosome number of the parental
  cell.

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Meiosis
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Crossing-Over
Section 11-4
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Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Section 11-4
Meiosis I
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Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Section 11-4
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter
cells, each with half the number of chromosomes
as the original.
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the
metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward
opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter
cells.
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Step Two - Translation

• mRNA has made a copy of DNA a set of
  instructions to make protein.
• mRNA leaves the nucleus and looks for a ribosome
  to attach to so translation of the mRNA can
  begin.
• Each codon (three letter code of RNA) is read by
  the ribosome. The ribosome uses the codon as a
  set of instructions to make a protein. Each three
  unit codon is matched to its anitcodon also
  called tRNA
• AUG is matched with UAC
• And the anti codon is attached to a specific
  amino acid

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Figure 1218 Translation
Section 12-3
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