Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex

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Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex
Figure 7.14
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Skulls of infants and children

• Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children
  to continue growing

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Chapter 7, part 3

• The Axial Skeleton

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SECTION 7-3 The Vertebral Column
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Vertebral column

• Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae

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Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column
Figure 7.16
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Spinal curvature

• Four spinal curves
• Primary (accommodation) curves thoracic and
  sacral
• Secondary (compensation) curves lumbar and
  cervical

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Vertebral anatomy

• Typically has a body and vertebral arch
• Superior and inferior articular processes
• Separated by intervertebral discs

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Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy
Figure 7.18
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Vertebral regions

• Cervical
• Has distinctive shape
• Large relative size of vertebral foramen
• Costal processes with transverse foramina
• Notched spinous processes

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Figure 7.19 The Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 7.19
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Thoracic vertebrae

• Heart-shaped body
• Long slender spinous processes
• Articulations for ribs

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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7.20a
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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
Animation Axial Dissections
PLAY
Figure 7.20b, c
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Lumbar vertebrae

• Most massive
• Least mobile
• Subjected to great stresses

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Figure 7.21 The Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.21
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Sacrum

• Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary
  organs
• Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements
  of coccyx

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Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx
Figure 7.22
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Thoracic cage

• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage

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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23a
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23b
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The ribs

• Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae
• 8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs
• 11-12 are floating ribs

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Typical rib

• Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
• Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to
  the heart

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The Sternum consists of

• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process

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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Animation Axial Dissections
PLAY
Figure 7.23
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You should now be familiar with

• The bones of the axial skeleton and their
  functions.
• The bones of the cranium and face.
• The differences between adult, child and infant
  skulls.
• The curvatures of the spinal column.
• The vertebral regions and characteristics of
  each.
• The articulations between the thoracic vertebrae,
  the ribs and sternum.