Applied Superconductivity

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Applied Superconductivity for Energy and
Environmental Issues James C. Ho Department of
Physics Wichita State University
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Kamerlingh Onnes, Nobel laureate (1913)
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• Low temperature electrical resistance of
  mercury

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Critical Phenomena ( Phase Transitions
) Melting/ Solidification , Vaporization
/Condensation Ferromagnetism /
Antiferromagnetism Ferroelectricity /
Antiferroelectricity Superconductivity
Superfluidity Low Temperartures
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John Bardeen, Nobel laureate (1956, 1972)
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Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theoryCooper
pairs
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W. Meissner perfect diamagnetism (1933)
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Meissner effect perfect diamagnetism
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Growing family of superconducting elements
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Science Technology
Asking-- Why? What for? Intrigued
Failed---by surprises Striving to be the
first the best
Without scientific discoveries, technology
advancements tend To be limited. Without
technology advancement, scientific discoveries
tend to be hindered.
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Tc moves up slowly with time.
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Worlds second largest heliumproduction
facility in Otis, Kansas
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Ready to go to Otis
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• Magnets
• Permanent magnets
• Electromagnets
• Solenoids (B µonI)
• Normal conductor
  (Copper) windings
• Superconductor windings
• Racetrack magnets

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Iron filings in magnetic fields
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3-nails in high fields
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Fermis Lab
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Energy doubler, Tevatron at Fermi Lab
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One of 1000 magnets for Tevatron (4.26-km
circumference)
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Racetrack magnet at Brookhaven National Lab
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Multifilamentary Nb-Ti wire
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Practical superconducting materials

• Nb-Ti Nb3Sn
• Tc 9 K 17 K
• Hc2 (4 K) 10 T gt 30 T
• __________________
• Ductile alloy
• Brittle intermetallic compound

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Multimilamentary Nb3Sn wire
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High-field testing magnet with multifilament
Nb3Sn wire
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Japanese 40-T magnet
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One coil of the long racetrack magnet being moved
into the Reaction oven at Brookhaven.

• .. U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program are
  already working hard toward the collider's next
  phase the eight sets of "inner triplet"
  quadrupole magnets will be replaced.. to
  withstand high doses of radiation, and thus heat,
  without failing.
• .. pushed the limits of well-established
  Niobium-Titanium magnet technology. Magnets from
  Nb3Sn can operate at a higher electric current
  and magnetic field, but have never been
  fabricated longer than one meter. .. next step
  is to build and test a quadrupole magnet with
  coils of Nb3Sn, a process that will take several
  years.

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SC transmission line tested at BNL
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High-voltage/low-current power transmission
lines
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High-current/low-voltage SC power transmission
lines
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GE generator with SC rotor
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GE 20-MW generator
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A small SC magnet being quenchedUm LI2/2
(1/2µo)B2(Al)
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SC energy storage at Bonneville Power
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The dream system for power generation,
storage and transmission
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Chinese maglev train
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German designed maglev train with
conventional magnets
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German design (conventional magnets) vs.
Japanese design (SC magnets)
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1972 Japanese maglev train, 60 km/hr
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1995 MLU002N, 411 km/hr
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2004 MLX01 maglev train at 500 km/hr
on 18.4-km Yamanashi test track
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Magnetohydrodynamic motor
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20-Knot ship at Kobe Bay
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Extreme (cold) Super (conductor)
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K.A. Müller and J.G. Bednorz, 1987 Nobel laureates
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La-Ba-Cu-oxide
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Paul Chu
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1st above-90 K superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7-? made
by M.K. Wu
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Time is natures way of making sure everything
doesnt happen at once
-- Woody Allen
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Coherence length for Cooper pairsrelatively
short for high-Tc, but long for low-Tc SCs
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Diamagnetic behavior of superconductors in
action
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WSU effort under contract with Ametek, Inc.
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Superior SC properties of YBCO
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Highly anisotropic YBa2Cu3O7-? Tc 90 K
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Tl2Ba2CanCu1nO62nTc 90, 110, 125 K for n
1, 2, 3
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YBa2Cu3O7-? /metal sheath tape
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Silver-sheathed YBa2Cu3O7-?
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A small test coil
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American Superconductor Corp. 2G HTS wire
manufacturing
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AmSC 9-wire conductor
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HTS cable components
                                                
    
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Siemens-AmSC mounted stack
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Rockwell 1000-hp motor
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5000-hp motor
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HTS ship propulsion motor (AMSC)
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5-MW HTS motor (AMSC)
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Pulling cable for transmission line test
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HTS transmission line testing facilities
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Global Superconductor Cable Projects
2001
2002
1999
1998
1997
2010
2011
2013
2012
2000
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
US/EPRI 115kV (50m)
US/LIPA 138kV (600m) - DOE
US/LIPA 138 kV (600m)
US/DTE 24kV (120m) - DOE
US/Nat. Grid 34.5kV (400m) - DOE
US/Southwire 12.5kV (30m) - DOE
US/ENTERGY 13.8 kV (1,600m)
US/AEP 13.8 kV (200m) - DOE
US/ConEd 13.8 kV (220m)
MEXICO 15kV (30m)
JAPAN PROJECT TEPCO 66 kV (250m)
JAPAN 77kV (500m)
JAPAN 66kV (30M)
KOREA 22.9kV (30m)
KOREA 22.9kV (100m)
KOREA PROJECT KEPCO
KOREA 22.9kV (100m)
CHINA 10.5kV (75m)
CHINA 35kV (30m)
Powered by AMSC wire
SHANGHAI PROJECT
CHINA 110 kV (30m)
Powered by other wire
RUSSIA 20 kV (30m)
RUSSIA (100m)
Wire Supplier TBD
SPAIN 20kV (30m)
SPAIN 10kV (30m)
DENMARK 36kV (30m)
AMSTERDAM NUON(6,000m)
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In April 2009, AmSC received an order for
50 miles of 2G-HTS wire for a 22.9-kV
cable system to be installed next year in
Koreas commercial power delivery network
near Seoul.
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Thank you!