Data Loggers and Sensors

1
Data Loggers and Sensors
2
Modern Seismic Technology

• Portable, Lightweight, Easy to Use
• Reliable under harsh conditions
• High Dynamic Range
• Inter-networked Digital Communications
• Robust Multiple Telemetry Paths
• Central Administration and Data Collection
• Rapid, Reliable Reporting of Information for
  Disaster Mitigation.

3
Two DASs for comparison

• Reftek R130
• 3-6 channels (24 bit)
• 1 W average power (3 chan)
• Light weight (lt 2 Kg)
• Internal data recording (2x 2Gb CF cards)
• Ethernet communication (TCP/IP, UDP/IP, FTP, RTP)
• Sample rates 1 - 1000 sps
• Quanterra Q330
• 3-6 channels (24 bit)
• lt 1 W average power (3 chan)
• Sophisticated ethernet communications
• External onsite recording to baler (20 Gb)
• Sample rates 1 - 200 sps

4
Reftek R130

• Design
• Easy to use
• Lightweight
• Low power
• On-board data retrieval
• Compact Flash up to 4Gb 76 days , 3 chan _at_ 100
  sps
• Files written FAT32 (Reftek) Format, able to be
  read directly onto most computers
• Time keeping
• 0.1 ppm TCXO with external GPS reference cycled
  duty with synchronization
• 24-bit delta sigma A/D
• Low noise
• Low power

5
Reftek- real time recording

• Real time recording via RTPD (Reftek) or Antelope
• Command and control via RTCC (Reftek)
• Real time trace viewing via Rtview or Antelope

6
Reftek- real time command-control
7
Reftek-RTCC status
8
Q330 Data Engine

QUANTERRA
9
Overview of Q330 features

• 24-bit A/D
• 3 or 6 channels (sensor ports AB)
• Average power requirement of about 1W, including
  a power-cycled recorder
• Internal GPS engine with external antenna
• VCO is frequency-adjusted to GPS phase lock loop
• Samples sends multiplexed, time-stamped UDP
  packets to a Data Processor (DP) through one of 4
  logical data ports
• 1,2 - serial or Ethernet telemetry
• 3 - SOH check by local operator
• 4 - Baler
• Also 1 control port for programming/commands
  (Willard)
• Communicates by UDP/IP
• Web server (provides links to DP webserver)
• Digitizes sensor and SOH streams

10
Q330 Design Philosophy
11
Old Fashioned Hub-and-Spoke
Users
12
Quanterra Multiple Connectivity
13
Data Port Concept

• Four ports are available
• Each Data Port is an independent collection of
  channels and sample rates
• Each Data Port can use its own SEED channel names
  or even Station Code
• Connection to a Data Port is by IP socket,
  multiple Data Ports can use the same interface,
  e.g. ethernet or Serial.

14
Q330 - Network friendly

• Friendly to Automated Processing. Pure IP
• Friendly to Remote Maintenance, Configuration,
  and Network Management
• Intra and Internet-Ready Security
• Simple Field and Data Center Management and Setup
  Procedures, analogous to IP itself
• Based on modern IP model, not a dumb device,
  e.g. connected through a serial link

15
Baler 14
QUANTERRA

16
Overview of Baler14

• Power cycled DP data storage unit (19GB)
• Demultiplexes Q330 packets and writes 4096Kb
  miniSEED files
• MS DOS OS
• Web server
• File transfer by http (10baseT)
• Q330 manages Baler
• Assigns IP address
• Passes recording parameters
• Manages most power cycling
• Runs in acquisition (power cycled) or vacuum
  (download/continuously powered) modes

17
Q330 Timing Clocks

• Internal Clocks
• Time of day clock - keeps rough time when Q330
  power is off. Runs on an internal battery.
• Temperature Compensated Voltage Controled Crystal
  Oscillator (TCVCXO)
• Nominal drift of 0.1ppm (lt1ms/day)

18
Q330 Timing Clocks

• External Clock
• Q330 has a Motorola M12 GPS engine on-board
• Default is to power up every 3 hours
• Adjusts TCVCXO oscillation rate to reduce phase
  error between GPS 1Hz pulse and TCVCXO 1Hz
• Stays powered up until phase difference of lt5µsec
  is maintained for 1 minute before powering off
  the GPS
• The Q330 retains the last measured phase error
  before turning off the GPS and applies this
  constant time correction to all records acquired
  will GPS is off/unlocked.

19
Q330 Timing Time Stamps

• Data is packaged into 1 second data records that
  are sent to a data processor (DP)
• Each record includes a time stamp consisting of
• Sequence number seconds since last power-up
• Seconds of offset since January 1, 2000 of last
  power-up
• µsec offset from the current second
• Q330 also sends
• A clock status bitmap
• Minutes since GPS lock was lost
• Clock phase loop status
• The baler (DP) queries the Q330 for FIR filter
  delays and construct the time stamp for the data
  records using

20
Baler and miniseed

• Once the baler has calculated the time stamp for
  the data packets it creates 4096 byte miniseed
  files.
• The baler uses the best timed 1sec data packet to
  extrapolate the time for the first sample in a
  miniseed record
• The baler also determines a clock quality
  parameter and writes it to the miniseed header
• 100 clock is LOCKED
• 90 clock is TRACKING, 3D fix and adjusting
  TCVCXO
• 80 GPS just powered up
• 10-60 HOLD, GPS is off. Quality decreases by
  1 every 10 minutes
• 0 - GPS clock has not locked since Q330 power up

21
Typical Timing CycleLCE LCQ channels
22
SOH Channels
ACE VCO quality expressed as SEED Timing
blockettes (500) LCE Absolute clock phase error
(1 ?sec / count) LCQ Clock quality times series
(1 / count) LOG State of health, status and
timing messages OCF Q330 configuration expressed
as SEED opaque data blockettes VCO VCO control
voltage (150 mV / count) VEA GPS antenna current
(1 mA / count) VEC System current (1 mA /
count) VEP Input voltage (150 mV /
count) VKI System temperature (1 ?C /
count) VMU Boom position of Z or U component (100
mV / count) VMV Boom position of N or V component
(100 mV / count) VMW Boom position of N or W
component (100 mV / count) VPB Buffer usage (0.1
/ count)
23
Overview of Application deployments

• Stand Alone QNET-QNET-80
• Stand Alone Telemetry
• Types of Telemetry
• LAN
• Ethernet Bridge to LAN
• IP VSAT (Hughes, Spacenet)
• GSM or CDMA Cellular
• Serial Q330 to Baler Ethernet Telemetry
  cabling configuration
• Ethernet Q330 to Baler Serial Telemetry
  cabling configuration
• Configuring, Accessing, and Monitoring

24
Typical Portable DeploymentAnd 1W Power
Consumption (not including sensors)
25
IP Telemetry Deployment
VSAT Terminal
26
USArray TA Standard Site
27
USArray TA Standard Site
28
Resources
Refraction Technology (www.reftek.com)
Quanterra KMI tech team www.q330.com
reference materials updates Inter-Program,
Quanterra Users Group Development BRTT -
Antelope (commercial) ISTI - Mountainaire (open
source) PASSCAL - hocus (open source) User
Documentation PASSCAL - www.passcal.nmt.edu
29
A Simple Seismometer

• Simple damped harmonic oscillator- an inertial
  system where pendulum motion is out of phase with
  ground motion
• Ground motions range from large high-frequency
  accelerations to faint ultra-long period normal
  mode - no single seismograph can record all
  ranges
• New (relatively) Force feedback seismometers
  provide higher dynamic range and smaller size

30
Equipment InventorySeismometers
31
Spectral Amplitude Response Characteristics
32
Sensor response vs. earthquake magnitude-distance
From Nanometrics web page
33
Equipment InventoryBroadband Seismometers
Guralp CMG-3T
Trillium 240
Streckeisen STS-2
34
Equipment InventoryIntermediate Period
Seismometers
CMG-40T 30s active feedback
Nanometrics- Trillium 40 40s active feedback
CMG-ESP 30s active feedback
35
Streckeisen STS-2

• Tri-Axial
• 120 Second
• Low Power
• 1500 V/m/s

36
Streckeisen STS-2
37
(No Transcript)
38
Transformation Equations
East North Vertical
39
Guralp CMG-3T

• 120 Second
• Low Power
• 1500 V/m/s

40
Guralp CMG-3T
41
Guralp CMG-3T
Orthogonal elements 2 Horizontal 1 Vertical
42
Guralp CMG-3T
Vertical Element Pivot
Horizontal Element Pivot
43
Guralp CMG-3ESP

• 30 Second
• Low Power
• 2000 V/m/s

44
Guralp CMG-40T

• 30 Second
• Low Power
• 800 V/m/s
• No locking

45
End of Section