Voicing%20

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Voicing Phonation

• LIN 3201

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4 Parameters for Describing Sounds

• Airstream Mechanism
• How/From where air is initiated, direction of
  airflow
• State of the Glottis
• Vocal fold state - wide open, vibrating that
  affects airstream
• Place of Articulation
• Where air is shaped in airstream
• Manner of Articulation
• How air is shaped in airstream

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The Larynx Vocal Folds
www.yorku.ca/earnstro/journey/images/larxsec.gif
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Pictures of Larynx
www.anatomyatlases.org
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www.anatomyatlases.org
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www.anatomyatlases.org
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What is Phonation?

• Keep in mind, with state of glottis vocal
  folds
• Phonation is NOT articulatory in nature
• NOT glottis in SHAPING AIRFLOW i.e. not glottal
  stop
• Phonation is NOT initiatory in nature
• NOT glottis as INITIATOR of AIRFLOW i.e. not
  glottalic inititation

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Instead

• We mean the status of vocal folds while air (the
  initiatory airstream) passes through the glottis,
  as in
• Wide open glottis relaxed vocal folds
• Narrowing of glottis vibrating vocal folds
• Also known as VOICING

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Phonation Initiation

• Airstream must pass through larynx for phonation
  to occur
• Glottalic Initiation generally unphonated
• Glottis tightly closed for Implosives
  Ejectives no airstream flows through
• BUT Vocied Glottalic Ingressives (Voiced
  Implosives) CAN BE PHONATED- downward motion of
  larynx allows some air to flow through for
  voicing

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• Velaric Initiation (Clicks) no phonation
• Air trapped in mouth no airstream through
  larynx
• (Can perform against phonated background, but
  phonation is nasal hum, not click itself)

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• Pulmonic Inititation (Plosives) phonation
• Airstream from lungs must flow through larynx
• ALL plosives are phonated, EXCEPT glottal stop

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Larynx/Vocal Fold Links Web Resources

• Three-dimensional, rotatable model of the larynx
• http//anatomy.med.umich.edu/qtvr/qtvr_larynx.ht
  ml
• Photos Video of Larynx Vocal Folds
• http//www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/le
  ctures/glottis.jpg
• http//www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faci
  liti/demos/vocalfolds/vocalfolds.htm
• http//cspeech.ucd.ie/fred/teaching/oldcourses/ph
  onetics/glottis.html
• SOURCE http//www.unc.edu/jlsmith/pht-url.html(
  2)

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Different Types of Voicing/Phonation

• Different types of voicing due to different
  states of vocal folds during airflow
• Most Airflow ---gt Least Airflow

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Phonation Types

• Voiceless vocal folds wide open, allowing airs
  to pass through freely
• p, t, k, f, s in English
• Typically voiced sounds use diacritic

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Vocal Folds during Voicelessness
cspeech.ucd.ie/.../phonetics/pics/vfold-open.gif
www.voiceproblem.org
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Phonation Types, cont.

• 2. Breathy Voice/Murmur vocal folds are held
  loosely open, but flap as air rushes by
• Usually heard on release of following vowel
• Used dotted diacritic
• http//www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/guj
  arati.html

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Vocal Folds during Breathy Voice/Murmur
phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/breathy.gif
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Phonation Types, cont.

• 3. Voiced (Modal Voice) Vocal Folds are set for
  vibration
• In English b, v, d, g, z, m, n and
  vowels are generally voiced
• Produces periodic wave regular increases and
  decreases in pressure

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Vocal Folds during Voicing
www.linguistics.ucla.edu/.../slowcords.gif
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Phonation Types, cont.

• 4. Creaky Voice One end of vocal folds is
  closed completely, while a small opening in the
  front is opened it vibrates slowly and produces
  a low frequency sound
• Slow, irregular vibration
• IPA diacritic under the symbol
• Also known as vocal fry

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Vocal Folds during Creaky Voice

• .

http//www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page1
0.htmcreak
phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/creaky.html
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Phonation Types, cont.

• 5. Whisper Turbulent airflow is caused by
  narrowing of glottis
• Used for sociolinguistic or paralinguistic effect
  in languages (emotion, secrecy, etc.)
• VERY rare as linguistic use
• Catford calls this murmur
• Hook diacritic below sound

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Audio Files of Phonation Types

• http//www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page1
  0.htmcreak

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Photos of 4 Major Phonation States
Breathy/Murmur
Voiceless
Creaky
Voiced
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Examples of Phonation Types within Languages
(From Dr. Caroline Wiltshire)
Voiceless Sonorants
Breathy Voice/Murmur