SUBUNGULATES

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SUBUNGULATES AND CETACEANS
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PLACENTAL PHYLOGENY (nuclear genes)
(Laurasiatheria)
(Afrotheria)
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UNGULATE ORDERS
(part of Laurasiatheria) ORDERS
Condylarthra extinct ancestral
Mesonychia ungulates
Litopterna Notoungulata
Pyrotheria extinct South
American Xenungulata
ungulates Astrapotheria Perissodactyla
odd-toed ungulates
Cetartiodactyla -- even-toed ungulates
whales
AFROTHERIAN ORDERS
Afrosoricidae tenrecs golden
moles Macroscelidea elephant shrews Tubulidentat
a aardvark Proboscidea elephants Hyracoidea
hyraxes Sirenia manatees/dugongs
subungulate orders
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GRANDORDER AFROTHERIAN Complete mtDNA
subungulate orders
Two clades
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ORDER AFROSORICIDA (INSECTIVORA in
part) Family Tenrecidae Family
Chrysochloridae
Hemicentetes
Amblysomus
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4 genera, 19 species
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Rhynchoc
yon_chrysopygus/Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus_00.html?mo
vietypewmMed
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1 species
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GRANDORDER AFROTHERIAN Complete mtDNA
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AFROTHERIAN SUBUNGULATES ancient and modern
mtDNA
PROBOSCIDEA
SIRENIA
HYRACOIDEA
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3 genera, 6 species
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Deinotheriidae
(deinotheres) Gomphotheriidae (shovel-tusk
mastodons) Mammutidae (mastodons)
Stegodontidae (ancestral elephants)
Elephantidae (elephants mammoths)
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PROBOSCIDEAN PHYLOGENY
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PROBOSCIDEAN PHYLOGENY
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Deinotheriidae
Deinotherium
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Gomphotheriidae
Gomphotherium
Platybelodon
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Mammutidae
Mammut
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Stegodontidae
Stegodon
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Elephantidae
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Mammuthus columbi
Mammuthus primigenius
Elephas maximus
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Elephant Mastodon Relationships ancient and
modern mtDNA
Elephantidae
Mammutidae
From Yang et al. (1996). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
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ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Elephantidae
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Loxodonta africana
Loxodonta cyclotis
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Loxodont
a_africana/Loxodonta_africana_01b.html?movietypew
mMed
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Loxodont
a_cyclotis/Loxodonta_cyclotis_12a.html?movietypew
mMed
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PROBOSCIDEAN MOLARS
ELEPHANT MASTODON
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ELEPHANT MOLARS
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3 species
2 species (1 extinct)
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GRANDORDER UNGULATA ORDERS
Condylarthra extinct ancestral
Mesonychia ungulates
Perissodactyla odd-toed ungulates
Litopterna Notoungulata
Pyrotheria extinct South
American Xenungulata
ungulates Astrapotheria Tubulidentata
aardvark Afrotheria
Proboscidea elephants subungulate
Hyracoidea hyraxes
orders Sirenia manatees/dugongs
Cetartiodactyla -- even-toed ungulates
cetaceans
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ORDER CETARTIODACTYLA Suborder Suina (pigs,
hippos) Suborder Tylopoda (camels) Suborder
Pecora (ruminants)
Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) Suborder
Mysticeti (baleen whales)
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ORDER MESONYCHIA (carnivo-ungulates)
Paleocene - Oligocene ORDER
CETARTIODACTYLA (in part) Suborder
Archaeoceti (ancient whales)
Eocene - Oligocene Suborder
Odontoceti (toothed whales)
Delphinidae (dolphins, etc.)
Phocoenidae (porpoises)
Plantanistidae (river dolphins)
Monodontidae (baluga, narwal)
Ziphiidae (beaked whales)
Physeteridae (sperm whales) Suborder
Mysticeti (baleen whales) Balaenidae
(right whales) Neobalaenidae (pygmy
right whale) Balaenopteridae
(rorquals) Eschrichtidae (gray whale)
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ORDER MESONYCHIA
Pachyaena
Arctocyon
Sinonyx
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ORDER MESONYCHIA
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ORDER MESONYCHIA
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Pakicetus
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Rodhocetus
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Dorudon
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Dorudon
Pakicetus
Rodhocetus
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CETACEAN PHYLOGENY
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SUBORDER ODONTOCETI
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Plantanista
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17 genera, 32 species
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4 genera, 6 species
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4 genera, 5 species
South America
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2 genera, 2 species
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6 genera, 19 species
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2 genera, 3 species
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Physeter
_macrocephalus/Physeter_macroceph_06.html?movietyp
ewmMed
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DEEP DIVING feeding dives of sperm
whale
(Physeter macrocephalus)
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Deep Diving

depth (m) duration (min) Humans skin
diver 100
2 scuba
300
Human technology attack submarine
test depth 400
crush depth
600 research submarine Alvin 4,500
bathyscaphe Trieste 10,912
Otariidae fur seal
200 8 sea
lion 250
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Phocidae Harbor seal
200 10 Weddell
seal 600
73 Elephant seal
1,600 90
Whales Fin whale
500 20
Pilot wale 610
Beluga
650 20 Killer whale
1,000
Sperm whale (feeding) 500-1000
(record) 3,200
80 (maximum)
?
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SUBORDER MYSTICETI Family Balaenidae
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Eubalaen
a_glacialis/Eubalaena_glacialis_08.html?movietype
wmMed
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2 genera, 3 species
1 species
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Maximum longevity
Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Longest-lived mammal?
Maturity 15-25 years Gestation 13-14
months Birth interval 3-4 years
Maximum longevity more than 200 years?
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SUBORDER MYSTICETI Family Balaenopteridae
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Balaenop
tera_borealis/Balaenoptera_borealis_08.html?moviet
ypewmMed
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2 genera, 6 species
1 species
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ODONTOCETES MYSTICETES SIZE
mostly small (lt5 m) large
males gt females in size
females gt males VOCALIZATION high-frequency
sounds low-frequency (some)
echolocation
communication communication DIET
vertebrates
filter-feeding MOVEMENTS mainly local
migratory
Physeter migratory SOCIAL STRUCTURE variable
in both groups, including harem polygyny,
small female kin groups, seasonal migratory
groups.