Welcome to

1
Welcome to Introduction to Botany Zoology

• Mrs. Schalles
• Textbook Introduction to Botany by Murray Nabors

Pics from http//www.botany.com/index.16.htm
2
What to expect (see agenda)

• Approximately 18 weeks on Plants
• 4 weeks on microbes a discussion of other
  photosynthetic organisms
• Rest of the year
• Short review of invertebrates
• About 12 weeks of vertebrates, especially birds
  mammals including animal behavior.

3
What to expect with Botany (see agenda)

• 4-5 weeks chapter 1 classification (chapters
  20-23)
• 1-2 weeks chapter 2 review of the cell
  students will review chapter independently- write
  a paper on medically important plant compounds
• 1-2 weeks chapter 3- Plant structures Types of
  cells
• 1-2 weeks chapter 4 Plant structures- Roots,
  Stems Leaves
• 2 weeks chapter 5 Plant structures- secondary
  growth (wood, bark, cork)
• 2 weeks chapter 6- Reproduction in plants
• 2 weeks chapter 7 Basic plant biochemistry
• Few days- chapter 8 student packet on
  photosynthesis
• Few days- chapter 12/13 genetics review
• 2 weeks- chapter 14 - Plant Biotechnology

4
Guests special events planned

• Chapter 1 20-23 Intro classification
• Game commissioner speaker
• nature walk
• Chapter 5(wood)-Bonsai tree speaker
• Make bonsai tree? (Need to know this week if
  students want to pay to do this for extra credit)
• Tree ID from bark
• Make own paper
• Sustainable wood resources
• Hardwoods in guitars, instruments
• Chapter 6- Reproduction in plants-
• Unusual fruit day
• FT-Phipps Conservatory
• Chapter 14- Biotechnology
• Possible FT to Carnegie museum plant lab

5
Class rules

• Be prepared!
• Bring your own pencil a calculator will be
  needed many days.)
• Be on time!
• Be in your seat when the bell rings. 3 tardy a
  detention.
• Be polite! -One person at a time talks, raise
  your hand, no rude language, Do not interrupt me
  in the middle of a lecture! Restroom passes are
  given at the beginning of class OR during desk
  work- not in the middle of a lecture.
• No eating or drinking or personal grooming in
  class!
• Be educated!

6
How to contact me

• Mrs. Lori Schalles
• Email lschalles_at_ringgold.org
• Website http//www.geocities.com/schalleslori

7
Lab Report Format

• Title Page -Name of experiment, Lab partners,
  date, possible diagram or design
• Introduction Acquaint reader with experiment,
  state problem to be solved background theory,
  purpose of work.
• Methods Materials Complete list of equipment
• Procedure Numbered description of all the steps
• Results Data Give actual results, not what
  should have happened. Can include tables, charts,
  graphs, diagrams.
• Discussion/Conclusion Sentences discuss,
  analyze , interpret results, critique of
  experiment, what was learned.
• References Include author, title, publishing
  company , date

8
Expected Quality of Work

• Please write in complete sentences.
• Use legible handwriting
• Turn in work on time- penalty for late work.
• Do your own work.

9
Writing Assignments(See each assignment sheet
for details)

• Introduction
• Here you will introduce topic.
• Body 3 paragraphs- see English Dept handout
• This section may be several paragraphs long. Each
  paragraph should have a topic sentence a
  concluding sentence one or more sentences about
  the topic in-between.
• Use complete sentences (no phrases or lazy
  answers)
• Discuss what you have learned about this topic
  from the reading answer any questions that have
  been assigned.
• Conclusion
• Summarize the article your thoughts You should
  add a personal statement (about the relevance of
  the reading to something in your life, its
  application to society or a thought about what
  might happen in the future, etc.)

10
Lab Safety

• Go over lab safety hand-out
• Must be signed
• Questions?

Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or
injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher
immediately,
http//nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety
.htm
11
Review Jeopardy Game

• Pass out white boards
• See how much you remember
• Jeopardy Game
• Obscure Science Facts Game

12
What is Botany?
13
Botany

• From the Greek word for plant or herb.
• All of our biological energy needs are met by the
  plant kingdom, either directly or through
  herbivorous animals

14
What is Botany?

• The study of plants
• The first people to specialize in the study of
  botany were primitive medicine men witch
  doctors
• had to know the plants that could kill or cure
  people.
• botany was closely linked with medicine for
  hundreds of years.

15
Branches of Botany

• Plant Anatomy - the structure of plants
• Plant Genetics- plant heredity
• Ecology - studies of the distribution of plants
  throughout the world, why certain species grow
  in certain places.
• Palaeobotany - plant evolution fossil remains.
• Plant Physiology- plant metabolism.
• Plant Pathology- the study of plant diseases.

16
Plants can be studied at many different levels

• Molecular level, -biochemical, molecular and
  genetic functions of plants.
• Cellular, tissue and organelle,- which studies
  the anatomy and physiology of plants
• Community and population level, which involves
  interactions within a species, with other species
  and with the environment

17
A little Botany History

• In the fifth century B.C., Empedocles believed
  plants not only had a soul, like animals, but
  also had reason common sense.
• Aristotle classified organisms as
• Plant or
• Animal
• Aristotles pupil Theophrastus
• wrote 2 books about plants that still
• were in use in the 15th century.

http//www.aboutbioscience.org/wib_botany.html
18
Botany History continued-

• Carl Linnéus
• father of the 2 name- naming system
• (binomial nomenclature)
• He invented it in 18th century
• Its still used to give scientific names to all
  species, plant and otherwise

19
Botanists also study other kingdoms in addition
to the plant kingdom

• Fungi
• Protists
• Bacteria
• Disease causing organisms (from any kingdom)
  viruses (which are not alive)
• Historically, botanists studied any living being
  that was not an animal.

20
Fungi Kingdom- chapter 19

• Characteristics of Fungi
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Different body plan than other organisms
• Filamentous cells,
• hyphae
• mycelia
• Botanists study them because they are Important
  as
• Decomposers
• Symbiotic relationships with plant roots
• Associations with other photosynthetic organisms
  such as bacteria algae

21
Kingdom Protista- Algae chapter 18

• Characteristics of Protists
• The protists kingdom members are a variety of
  eukaryotic organisms.
• May be unicellular, colonial or multicellular
• Some are heterotrophic, others are autotrophic.
• Botanists are interested Algae which are
  photosynthetic

22
Bacteria Viruses - chapter 17

• Characteristics of Bacteria
• Prokaryotic
• Some are heterotrophic, some autotrophic
• Some are disease causing.
• Characteristics of Viruses
• Not alive- are not cells!!!
• All require a host- THEY ARE OBLIGATE
  INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
• Can replicate themselves with their nucleic acid
  (RNA or DNA) in a host cell

23
Careers in Botany

• An undergraduate degree in botany prepares
  students for employment or for graduate studies.
• Careers in applied fields of
• plant pathology, forestry, crop production,
• horticulture, genetics and plant breeding,
• plant biotechnology
• environmental monitoring and control

24
What do you think of when someone says PLANT?

• GREEN?
• All Plants are photosynthetic
• LEAVES?
• Not all plants have leaves!
• FLOWERS? FRUIT?
• Not all plants have flowers or fruit!
• WOOD?
• Not all plants have stems!
• SEEDS?
• Not all plants have seeds!
• FOOD?
• Life on earth does depend on photosynthetic
  organisms like plants, algae photosynthetic
  bacteria.

25
Take a kids quiz on plants

• http//www.biology4kids.com/extras/quiz_plantintro
  /index.html

26
Photosynthesis the Biosphere
27
Photosynthesis

• Process by which plants
• Certain other Organisms
• use solar energy to make food
• by transforming carbon dioxide water into
  sugars (carbohydrates) that store chemical
  energy.
• Also very important
• Oxygen is released in the process.

28
Here is the chemical formula for photosynthesis

• Carbon Dioxide Water Light Carbohydrate
  Oxygen
•  6 CO2 6 H2O Light (CH2O)6 6O2

All life depends on photosynthesis
29
Interesting Photosynthesis Factsfrom
http//www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/page2.html
Rajni Govindjee

• The Sun - source of most energy for Life on
  Earth.
• Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of
  its mass into electromagnetic radiation sends it
  into space.
• One billionth of the energy reaches the Earth.
• It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to
  travel 93 million miles to reach us.
• Visible portion of EM radiation (ROYGBIV)
  (rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and
  cyanobacteria.

30
Why are leaves green?

• The green color of the leaves is due to the
  presence of a pigment called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light
  efficiently, but not green,
• the transmitted green light gives the leaves
  their green color.

photos.somd.com
31
Biosphere

• The thin layer of
• Earths crust with the
• atmosphere ocean
• layers that support
• LIFE that includes
• All plant and animal life
• The things that sustain life air, soil and
  water.
• It includes a variety of ecosystems that are
  connected by natural cycles

Pic from http//www.ucar.edu/learn/images/athylib
i.gif
32
Biosphere- is composed of three parts

• ATMOSPHERE a light blanket of air enveloping
  the earth, with more than half its mass within 4
  miles of the surface and 98 within 16 miles
• HYDROSPHERE --- the surface and subsurface waters
  in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and
  groundwater,
• LITHOSPHERE --- the upper reaches of the earth's
  crust containing the soils that support plant
  life, the minerals that plants and animals
  require for life and the fossil fuels and ores
  that humans exploit.

33
Photosynthesis summary

• Produces almost all of the worlds oxygen
• Produces almost all the worlds food
• All organisms get their energy either DIRECTLY or
  INDIRECTLY from the sun through photosynthesis
• Plants/photosynthetic organisms are the primary
  producers in the food chains.
• Sugars made in photosynthesis are the building
  blocks of life.

34
Plants capture only one thousandth of the
sunlight that falls on the Earth. Yet, without
this process all life on Earth would come to a
halt.