Stroke

1
Stroke

• Maxwell Lenko
• SBI3U
• ISU

2
Terms

• Blood Vessel a tube through which blood moves
  through the body
• Artery a blood vessel that carries blood
  directly from the heart through the body
• Hemorrhage the escape of blood into an extra
  vascular area
• Atherosclerosis the deposition of cholesterol
  in an artery
• Thrombosis a clot that forms in an artery and
  blocks it
• Embolism a dislodged clot that blocks another
  artery

3
Definition

• A stroke is the damaging of brain cells due to
  blood flow interruption
• There are 3 types of strokes
• Ischemic Stroke
• Intracerebral Hemorrhage
• Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

4
Ischemic Stroke

• Responsible for 80 of all strokes
• Results from a clot in an artery in the brain,
  either through thrombosis or embolism

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Intracerebral Hemorrhage

• 12 of all strokes
• Artery in the brain suddenly ruptures releases
  blood into the brain and compresses it
• If blood builds up rapidly victim can become
  unconscious
• Usually occurs in the cerebellum, basal ganglia,
  cortex or brain stem

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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

• 8 of all strokes
• Caused by blood vessel rupture
• Different from intracerebral in that blood
  surrounds the brain instead of filling it
• Sudden build up of blood can cause
  unconsciousness or even death
• Said to cause the worst headache of ones life

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Causes of Artery Rupture/ Clotting

• Controllable
• High Blood Pressure
• Cholesterol
• Smoking
• Atrial Fibrillation
• Diet
• Lack of Exercise

• Uncontrollable
• Over age 55
• Being Male
• African American
• Hispanic
• Asian/Pacific Islander
• Family history
• Diabetes

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Immediate Symptoms

• Paralysis
• Sudden Weakness
• Unconsciousness
• Death (not as immediate)
• Loss of Speech

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Post-Stroke Symptoms

• Involuntary Muscle Contraction
• Balance Problems
• Curling of Toes
• Central Pain Syndrome
• Aphasia (limited communication)
• Apraxia (difficulty initiating speech causing
  movements )
• Auditory Overload ( inability to convert sound to
  language )
• Dysarthia ( slurring of speech )
• Dysphagia ( food goes down air tube instead of
  esophagus )
• Depression
• One-Side Neglect
• Behavioral Changes
• Other Subtle Brain Difficulties

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Diagnosis

• Doctor can perform a number of tests
• Risk Factors
• Carotid Ultrasonography
• Arteriography
• Computerized Tomography (CAT scan)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Immediate Treatment

• For an ischemic stroke doctor will remove clot
  using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) drugs
• For a hemorrhage a tiny clip is placed to close
  the aneurysm or a coil is placed in it to prevent
  further rupturing

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Rehabilitation

• Occurs in either a hospital, subacute care unit,
  rehab hospital, home therapy, home with
  outpatient therapy, long term care facility
• Therapists such as physicians and speech
  therapists are required to re-establish basic
  skills for independence
• Nursing is very important
• Rehab time is dependent on damage to brain cells

13
Current/Future Research

• Research into implantable pacemakers, artificial
  hearts, using acetylsalicylic acid in prevention
  of strokes, clot dissolving drugs (eg. tPA),
  increasing public awareness about strokes,
  updating and developing new methods of CPR,
  bionics, and the promotion of recommendations to
  the public to deal with high blood pressure

14
Miscellaneous Facts

• 75 of all strokes are preventable
• One of the most common causes of death amongst
  elders in the Western world
• Third leading cause of death in America
• First leading cause of adult disability
• Women more likely to die

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References

• ___ (1998). Stroke. In Encyclopedia of Family
  Health (vol. 14, pp. 1876- 1881). Toronto
  Marshall Cavendish.
• American Stroke Association. Warning
  Signs, Life After Stroke. Retrieved April 8,
  2007 from the World Wide Web lt
  http//www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?i
  dentifier12000372 gt
• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2006). Mayo Clinic
  Family Health Book Third Edition. New York.
  Harper Collins Publishers.
• National Stroke Association. Whats a
  Stroke?, Risk Factors, Prevention,
  Recovery. Retrieved April 8, 2007 on the World
  Wide
• Web lt http//www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?
  pagenamehome gt.
• The Internet Stroke Center. Types of
  Stroke. Retrieved April 8, 2007 from the World
  Wide Web
• lt http//www.strokecenter.org/pat/stroke_types
  .htm gt
• The Heart and Stroke Foundation. All
  about Research. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from the
  World Wide Web lt http//ww2.heartandstroke.ca/Pag
  e.asp?PageID1366ArticleID5533SrcblankFromSu
  bCategory gt.