Basics of Jurisprudence ?????? ?????

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Basics of Jurisprudence?????? ?????

• Created by Bashar A. Shala
• Design modified for 1st Annual ILM Tournament

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Basics of Jurisprudence

• What is Islamic Jurisprudence?
• ?? ?? ??????
• Why do need to understand Jurisprudence?
• ?? ????? ??????

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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Jurisprudence vs. Religion
• ????? ? ???????

Creed Faith Conduct
????? Jurisprudence
Wrong Rulings
Correct Rulings
??????? Religion
????? ?????
????? ?????
??????? ??????? ??????
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Goals of Jurisprudence

• Preservation of Religion ??? ?????
  
• Preservation of Life ??? ??????
  
• Preservation of Procreation ??? ?????
  
• Preservation of Intellect ??? ?????
  
• Preservation of Wealth ??? ?????
  

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Rulings related to Worship Salat Hajj Zakat Etc..
Rulings related to Civil Affairs Marriage Commerci
al Laws Etc..
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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Important Disclaimer!
• Learning the tools of a Surgeon does not give you
  a license to operate!
• Learning the ABCs of Jurisprudence does not make
  you a Mufti!
• ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????

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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Historical Perspective
• Jurisprudence of Sahaba (Companions)
• Jurisprudence of Tabieen (Followers)
• Jurisprudence of Imams
• Schools of Jurisprudence

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Quran ??????
Sunnah ?????
Opinion ?????
Textual Evidence ?????
Malik ????
Shafei ???????
Abu Hanifah ??? ?????
Ahmad ????
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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Who is an Imam of Jurisprudence?
• ?? ?? ???????
• What is a School of Jurisprudence?
• ?? ?? ???????

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Degrees of Jurisprudence Imams

1. Independent and Absolute Imam ??????? ???????
   ??????
2. Dependent Extrapolator ??????? ????? ????? ??????
   
3. Bound Extrapolator ??????? ??????
   
4. Evidence-weighing Expert ????? ???????
   
5. Fatwa (Ruling) Transmitting Expert ????? ??????
   
6. Follower Teacher ??????
   

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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Why is there differences in Islamic Jurisprudence
  Schools?
• Differences in Understanding and Interpretation.
• Differences in Transmission and Authenticity of
  Textual References
• Differences in their dependence on Secondary
  Sources of Jurisprudence.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Quran ??????
Sunnah ?????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Agreement ???????
Comparison ??????
Practice in Medina ??? ??? ???????
Common Practice ?????
Preference ?????????
Prevention of Vice ?? ???????
General Benefit ??????? ???????
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Malik ????
Shafei ???????
Ahmad ????
Abu Hanifah ??? ?????
Quran ??????

Sunnah?????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Agreement ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Agreement ???????
Comparison ??????
Agreement ???????
Agreement ???????
Comparison ??????
Practice in Medina ??? ??? ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Comparison ??????
Preference ?????????
Comparison ??????
Preserving Status Quo ?????????
Common Practice ?????
Preference ?????????
General Benefit ??????? ???????
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Basics of Jurisprudence

• Important Disclaimer!
• All Sources or Tools of Jurisprudence are
  terms. The translation does not give the full
  meaning of the term.
• Learning the definition of each term in detail is
  essential to understand the Terminology of
  Jurisprudence.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Quran ??????

• The First and Essential source.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Quran ??????

• The Quran
• Clear Rulings of Jurisprudence.
• Rulings detailed and explained in Sunnah.

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Clear Rulings of Jurisprudence.
• Rulings detailed and explained in Sunnah.

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Clear Rulings of Jurisprudence.
• Rulings detailed and explained in Sunnah.
• Confirmation ???? ???????
• Explanation ???? ???????

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Clear Rulings of Jurisprudence.
• Rulings detailed and explained in Sunnah.
• Confirmation
• Explanation

???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????
??????
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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Clear Rulings of Jurisprudence.
• Rulings detailed and explained in Sunnah.
• Confirmation
• Explanation

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Extrapolation of Rulings from the Quran requires
  deep knowledge in
• Interpretation and Explanation of Quran
• Arabic Language
• Circumstances of Revelation
• Knowledge of Sunnah

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Quran
• Extrapolation of Rulings from the Quran
• Examples Two orders in Quran

???? ??? ..??? ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ??
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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Hadith Words the Prophet PBUH said.
• Actions of the Prophet PBUH.
• Action the Prophet PBUH approved or disapproved.
• Actions the Prophet PBUH saw or knew about and
  did not comment on.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Is there evidence that the Sunnah is essential
  part of Islam?
• Confirmation in Quran.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Is there evidence that the Sunnah is essential
  part of Islam?
• Confirmation in Quran.
• Life and history of the Sahaba.
• Common Sense and logical evidence.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Confirmation to Rulings of Quran.
• Explanation and detailing the Rulings of Quran.
• Detailing Rulings not mentioned in the Quran.

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• The Sunnah
• Confirmation to Rulings of Quran.

???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????
??????
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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Explanation and detailing the Rulings of Quran.
• Salat, Zakat..

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?? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????
?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????
??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ?
???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????
?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sunnah ?????

• The Sunnah
• Detailing Rulings not mentioned in the Quran.
• Pawn rules while not traveling

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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• Authentication of Sunnah

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
?????
Text
????? Companion
????? Follower
Chain Of Narration
?????
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• Authentication of Sunnah

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
?????
Text
????? Companion
????? Follower
Chain Of Narration High short Low long
????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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Authentication of Sunnah

• Conditions of accepting the authenticity of the
  Text
• No contradiction with Quran
• No grammatical errors
• Eloquent Arabic
• No contradiction with Islamic Principles.
• No historical contradictions

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Authentication of Sunnah

• Conditions of accepting the Chain of Narration
• All narrators of Hadith have to fulfill these
  conditions
• Justice/Truthfulness ???????
• Accuracy ????????
• Connection ???????
• Knowledge of Narrators
• ??? ????? ? ???????
  

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Authentication of Sunnah

• Types of Hadiths in regard to the Chain of
  Narration
• Repeatedly Connected ????????
• Famous ???????
• Single Narration ??????
• Loose-end Chain ??????
• Interrupted Chain ???????

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Authentication of Sunnah

• Repeatedly Connected ????????

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
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Authentication of Sunnah

• Famous ???????

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
????? Companion
????? Follower
????? Follower
????? Follower
????? Follower
????? Follower
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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???? Narrator
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Authentication of Sunnah

• Single Narration ??????

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
????? Companion
????? Follower
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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Authentication of Sunnah

• Loose-end Chain ??????

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
????? Companion
????? Follower
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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Authentication of Sunnah

• Interrupted Chain ???????

???? ???? (?) The Prophet PBUH
????? Companion
????? Follower
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
???? Narrator
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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• How about the things that the Prophet PBUH passed
  by or avoided?
• Active Avoidance
• Known reason
• Unknown reason
• Passive Avoidance

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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• Is there Sunnah specific to the Prophet PBUH and
  not for the rest of Muslims?
• Can the Prophet PBUH make mistakes?
• Human errors
• All are corrected by Allah SWT and the Prophet
  PBUH

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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• What is an Innovation? ??????
• ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????
  ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????
  ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????
• ..This day have I perfected your religion for
  you, completed My favour upon you,.. 53
• ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????
• ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??
  ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????
  ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????
  ? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???
  ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? .. ???????

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Sources of Jurisprudence Sunnah

• What is an Innovation? ??????
• ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ??? ??
  ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???
  ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??
  ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ???
  ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ???????? ?
  ???? ????
• ?? ??? (??) ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????
  ??
• It is important to know the contexts of the
  Hadith and the statement.
• Is there a good innovation?? ???? ???? ?

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Agreement ???????

• Definition
• ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? (?) ?? ??? ??? ???
  ????
• Agreement of the Scholars in a certain time on a
  ruling..

If anyone contends with the Messenger even after
guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and
follows a path other than that becoming to men of
Faith, We shall leave him in the path he has
chosen, and land him in Hell, what an evil
refuge! 4115

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Comparison ??????

• Definition
• ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????
• ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
• Extrapolating a ruling on a new issue (branch)
  after a comparison with an original ruling
  (origin), because of mutual link in the reason
  behind the original ruling.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Comparison ??????

• ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????
• ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
• (?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????).
• ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.
• ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
• ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?? ????? ??? ?????.
• ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??
  ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???
  ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Comparison ??????

• Extrapolating a ruling on a new issue (branch)
  after a comparison with an original ruling
  (origin), because of mutual link in the reason
  behind the original ruling.
• Marijuana is forbidden just as wine due to
  intoxication

New Issue Marijuana Original Issue Wine The
Ruling Forbidden The Mutual Link Intoxication
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Sources of Jurisprudence

• Validity
• Quran
• ???? ????? (????????????? ??? ??????
  ???????????) (?????2)
• Sunnah
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????
  ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????
  ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???
  ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
  ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
• Sahaba
• ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
  (???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????)

Comparison ??????
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Sources of Jurisprudence
Sahabas Rulings ??? ???????

• Definition
• ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? (?) ?????
  ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
  ???? ???? ????
• (?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????)
• Companion Who met the Prophet PBUH, believing in
  him, and stayed with him enough time learning and
  keeping company with him, so it is acceptable by
  social customs and language to call him a
  companion

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Sources of Jurisprudence

• Definition
• ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????.
• ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? (?? ??? ???????? ???? ???
  ??? ???? ???)
• Preference to leave the ruling of Comparison for
  a better reason.
• Accepted by Abu Hanifah. Used by Ahmad and
  Malik. Rejected by Shafei
• Example Cleanliness of water used by meat-eating
  birds, compared with animals. ??? ???? ?????

Preference ?????????
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Sources of Jurisprudence

• Definition
• ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? .
• ???? ????? (???? ????????? ???????? ???????????
  ?????????? ???? ?????????????) ???????199
• ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
• Common Practice Matters that are wide-spread in
  daily living affairs, accepted by intellectual
  and righteous people.
• Condition No contradiction with any Islamic
  practice or textual evidence.

Common Practice ?????
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Sources of Jurisprudence

• Definition
• ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????
  .
• Preserving Status Quo Keeping the ruling or the
  status on an issue as is, if not proven
  otherwise.
• Example When in doubt whether ablution (wudu)
  has been spoiled, the state of wudu is not
  rejected just by suspicion.

Preserving Status Quo ?????????
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Sources of Jurisprudence
General Benefit ??????? ???????

• Rulings based on assuring General Benefit to
  people and avoiding unnecessary hardships.
• Example Collection of the Quran by Abu Bakr (ra).

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Sources of Jurisprudence
General Benefit ??????? ???????

• General Benefits
• Necessities
• Preservation of life, mind, procreation,
  religion, and wealth.
• Needs
• If missed it will cause hardship
• Improvements
• luxury and completeness. No hardship if missed.

• ???????
• ???????
• ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
  ???? ?????.
• ??????
• ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????.
• ???????
• ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????

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Sources of Jurisprudence
General Benefit ??????? ???????

• General Benefits
• Methodology
• Greater benefit before smaller ones.
• General benefit before private ones.
• Permanent benefit before temporary ones.
• Certain benefit before controversial or doubtful
  ones.

• ???????
• ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
• ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????

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Sources of Jurisprudence
General Benefit ??????? ???????

• General Benefits
• Conditions
• Necessity.
• Real needs related to goals of Sharia.
• General benefit.
• No contradiction with textual evidence.
• Within the realm of human abilities and
  understanding, not related to divine orders.

• ???? ???????
• ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????
• ?? ???? ??????
• ?? ???? ??????
• ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???
• ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????

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Sources of Jurisprudence
Prevention of Vice ?? ???????

• Preventing deeds, that are allowed otherwise, for
  fear of leading to forbidden or harmful results.
• Do not curse those whom they call upon besides
  Allah, lest they out of spite revile Allah in
  their ignorance. 6108

• ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????
  ???? ??? ???????.
• ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????
  ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ??????..
• ????? ??? ???? ???? "?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???
  ??????? ???????"

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Malik ????
Shafei ???????
Ahmad ????
Abu Hanifah ??? ?????
Quran ??????

Sunnah?????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Agreement ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Agreement ???????
Comparison ??????
Agreement ???????
Agreement ???????
Comparison ??????
Practice in Medina ??? ??? ???????
Sahaba ??? ???????
Comparison ??????
Preference ?????????
Comparison ??????
Preserving Status Quo ?????????
Common Practice ?????
Preference ?????????
General Benefit ??????? ???????
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???? ??? Reward ??? Sin Do
?????? ????? Yes No Obligation
?????? ????? - No Yes - Obligation
??????? Yes No Likeable
??????? - No No - Likeable
?????? -/ -/ Allowed
?????? - -/ -/ - Allowed
??????? No No Disliked
??????? - Yes No - Disliked
?????? No Yes Forbidden
?????? - Yes No - Forbidden
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???? ??? Reward ??? Sin Do
?????? ????? Yes No Obligation
?????? ????? - No Yes - Obligation
??????? Yes No Likeable
??????? - No No - Likeable
?????? -/ -/ Allowed
?????? - -/ -/ - Allowed
??????? No No Disliked
??????? - Yes No - Disliked
?????? No Yes Forbidden
?????? - Yes No - Forbidden