Title: The Relevance of Democracy and Good Governance
1- The Relevance of Democracy and Good Governance
- Parliamentary Involvement in the Poverty
Reduction and Environmental Protection Process - in Developing Countries
- ZEFa PhD-Course
- Uwe HOLTZ, February 10/11, 2004
- Only for internal use!
2Course Objectives
- to acquaint you with the main features of
democracy, good governance, and development - to plead for a stronger commitment to political
systems and parliamentary involvement in
development theory and practice (poverty
reduction) - to help develop your own thinking and analytical
ability
3Topics to be covered
- Neglect of political systems issues
- Democracy and human rights
- Good governance
- Development
- Relationship between democracy and development
- Practical experiences Poverty Reduction and
Environmental Protection - UNCCD - Future action - more and better parliamentary
involvement
4Reading list
- Amartya Sen Democracy as a Universal Value, in
Journal of Democracy 10.3 (1999) 3-17 (also
http//muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/10.3sen.html ) - Inter-Parliamentary Union Universal Declaration
on Democracy, 1997, in www.ipu.org (gt quick
search gt universal declaration on democracy
exact address http//www.ipu.org/cnl-e/161-dem.ht
m ) - A Concept Paper on Legislatures and Good
Governance. Based on a Paper prepared by John K.
Johnson and Robert T. Nakamura for UNDP. July
1999, in http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/parliaments/
Concept20Paper20Revised20MAGNET.htm - Human Development Report 2002. Deepening
democracy in a fragmented world. Published for
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
New York Oxford 2002 (also http//www.undp.org/
hdr2002/complete.pdf ) (Overview p. 1-9) - InWent (ed.) Global Policy without Democracy?
The Participation and Interface of
Parliamentarians and Civil Societies for Global
Policy, Bonn, November 2001 (also
http//www.dse.de/ef/parlmnt/ind2501e.htm) - Walter Eberlei Elementary standards of
participation in national PRSP-processes (GKKE
Joint Conference Church and Development), Berlin
- Bonn 2002 (http//www.justitia-et-pax.de/justiti
a/pdf/arb_96_engl.pdf ) - Uwe Holtz Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and
Country Strategy Papers and their relationship to
the combat against desertification. The role of
Parliaments, Bonn 2003, http//www.unccd.int/parli
ament/data/bginfo/PRS.pdf
5References
- Robert Dahl Polyarchy. Participation and
Opposition, New Haven - London 1971. - Robert Dahl Democracy and its Critics, New Haven
- London 1989. - IPU (ed.) Democracy Its Principles and
Achievement, Geneva 1998. - InWent (Hg.) Human Rights in Developing
Countries - How can Development Cooperation
contribute to furthering their Advancement?, Bonn
September 2003. (http//www.dse.de/ef/human_rights
/index.htm) - Jakkie K Cilliers Peace and security through
good governance? A guide to the NEPAD African
Peer Review Mechanism, Pretoria 2003. - Declaration of Santiago on democracy and public
trust. A new commitment to good governance for
the Americas. / OAS General Assembly. - Santiago,
2003. - 6 S. - Tom Pierre Najem (ed.) Good governance in the
Middle East oil monarchies, London 2003. - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific What is good governance?,
in http//www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.ht
m
6- People First (a trust promoted by Development
Alternatives, a prominent NGO of India)
Governance for Sustainable Development -
empowerment of people in democracies for global
sustainability-, New Delhi, January 1997
(http//www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/englis
h/people.htm and http//www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/fo
cus/summary/policy/Governance ) - Paul P. Streeten Good Governance History and
Development of the Concept (Speech - Novartis
Foundation), 12 Juin 2002, in www.novartisfoundat
ion.com/symposium/rede_streeten_06122002.pdf -
- Walter Eberlei / Heike Henn Parliaments in
Sub-Saharan Africa actors in poverty
reduction?(GTZ-Study), Eschborn, December 2003
(http//www.gtz.de/prsp/download/parliaments.pdf
) - Uwe Holtz Partnership for the 21st Century - A
Preliminary Assessment of the EU-ACP Agreement,
in DC (Development and Cooperation) 2/2000, p.
8-12. ( http//www.dse.de/zeitschr/de200-3.htm ) -
- Uwe Holtz The previous four Round Tables of
Members of Parliament on the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn 2003,
in http//www.unccd.int/parliament/data/bginfo/PP
RT(eng).pdf - (French http//www.unccd.int/parliament/data/bgi
nfo/PPRT(fra).pdf - - Spanish http//www.unccd.int/parliament/data/bgin
fo/PPRT(spa).pdf )
7Our One World the developing world
81. Neglect of political systems issues
9- Development theories (modernisation, dependency)
laid no great emphasis on the question of
political systems. - Very often, development meant economic growth.
- During the Cold War, the West and East were
primarily looking for friends in the Third World
and didnt care much about the question if their
friends were democrats or dictators.
101992 Rio UN Conference on Environment and
Development
- Rio Declaration silent on democracy
- Agenda 21 democracy takes place
- 27.1. Non-governmental organizations play a vital
role in the shaping and implementation of
participatory democracy. - 2.6. Experience has shown that sustainable
development requires a commitment to sound
economic policies and management, an effective
and predictable public administration, the
integration of environmental concerns into
decision-making and progress towards democratic
government, in the light of country-specific
conditions, which allows for full participation
of all parties concerned. -
11-
- ZEFs mission is to give scientific support to
the implementation of Agenda 21 and to contribute
to a sustainable development which ensures a life
in human dignity for everyone. - Bonn University Rector Prof. M. Huber in a
letter to the UN Secretary-General B.
Butros-Ghali, April 1, 1996
12J. von Braun, P. Vlek, A. Wimmer (2002)
STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE OF ZEF - The Development
Experience
- In the 1950s and 60s, the general emphasis was on
creating conditions that would stimulate economic
growth, often through the expansion of physical
infrastructure. - Many gigantic infrastructure projects illustrate
important lessons learned from the 1950s, 60s,
and 70s notably, that efforts to stimulate
economic growth in one sector can be offset by
adverse impacts in another that the management
of resources can have long-term consequences for
their sustainable use and that development is
tied to the larger political and economic context
in which it occurs.
13- In the 1980s, development approaches that focused
on rapid aggregate economic growth were attacked
as too narrow and not sufficient t o ensure
long-term growth and an equitable sharing of
economic progress. International leaders embraced
the term sustainable development. - Besides improved livelihoods, the redefined
notion of development also included aspects of
freedom, rights, cultural identity, information,
and participation. - Through the 1990s, development was taking place
in a rapidly changing political, economic, and
social context.
14UNDP, Human Development Report - Deepening
democracy in a fragmented world, 2002
- Many persistent development problems reflect
failures of governance. Studies in a range of
countries and regions hold weak governance
responsible for persistent poverty and lagging
development. - The governance crisis is evident in widespread
corruption, inefficient public services and a
host of other failures. - Studies have also shown what poor governance
means for ordinary citizens - schools without
teachers, courts without justice, local
bureaucrats demanding bribes at every turn.
15- Since the end of the Cold War, NGOs and INGOs are
playing quite important roles in the development
process (international conferences, advocacy
role, negotiation partners). - The tendency for donors and international
organisations to engage with civil society and
NGOs but to neglect parliaments is neither
acceptable nor prudent. - Donors and international organisations have to
engage with parliaments, who have the last word
on laws and budgets and are the representative
institutions providing the political base for
policy and institutional arrangements.
16- During its 108th Conference (Santiago de Chile,
April 2003), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
underlined the natural function of parliaments as
one of meditation between the public and
international organisations and institutions. - The Conference emphasised that parliaments
represent the basis for good governance grounded
on democratic institutions that are responsive to
the needs of the people, the rule of law,
anti-corruption measures, gender equality and the
need for a favourable atmosphere and environment
for investment
17Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul / Uschi Eid
Development cooperation with Sub-Sahara Africa
a position paper, January 2004
- Broad based anti-poverty strategies must be
backed by political will in the developing
countries. - Strategies have to be integrated in the whole
political process with parliamentary
decision-making and with civil society
participation. - The final text of the New Partnership for
Africas Development (NEPAD), October 2001,
makes no reference to parliaments.
18- 2. Democracy and human rights
19- Democracy and human rights are belonging together
and mutually reinforcing - Political Science is democracy science and about
politics, policies and polity - Politics activities concerned with the
acquisition of power art and science of
directing and administrating states and other
political units - Policies area or plan of action adopted or
pursued by a government, party, business etc. - Polity form, constitution or institutional
framework of government or organisation of a
society etc. -
20The International Bill of Human Rights
- consists of
- the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted
by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10
December 1948, - the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights adopted by the General
Assembly by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16
December 1966 - entry into force 3 January 1976. - the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights adopted by the General Assembly
by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December
1966 entry into force 23 March 1976, and its
two Optional Protocols. - The first Optional Protocol to the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted
by the same resolution, provided international
machinery for dealing with communications from
individuals claiming to be victims of violations
of any of the rights set forth in the Covenant. - Second Optional Protocol to the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at
the abolition of the death penalty, U.N. Doc.
A/44/49 (1989), entered into force July 11, 1991. -
-
21- Since 1948 the Universal Declaration has been and
rightly continues to be the most important and
far-reaching of all UN declarations, and a
fundamental source of inspiration for national
and international efforts to promote and protect
human rights and fundamental freedoms. - It has set the direction for all subsequent work
in the field of human rights and has provided the
basic philosophy for many legally binding
international instruments designed to protect the
rights and freedoms which it proclaims. - The Declaration came to be recognized as a
historic document articulating a common
definition of human dignity and values. The
Declaration is a yardstick by which to measure
the degree of respect for, and compliance with,
international human rights standards everywhere
on earth.
22International Covenants on Human Rights
- The preambles and articles 1, 3 and 5 of the two
International Covenants are almost identical. - The preambles recall the obligation of States
under the Charter of the United Nations to
promote human rights - remind the individual of his responsibility to
strive for the promotion and observance of those
rights - and recognize that, in accordance with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal
of free human beings enjoying civil and political
freedom and freedom from fear and want can be
achieved only if conditions are created whereby
everyone may enjoy his civil and political
rights, as well as his economic, social and
cultural rights.
23WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTSVienna, 14-25
June 1993
- Irrespective of the fight between
universalism and cultural relativism during
the conference, the VIENNA DECLARATION AND
PROGRAMME OF ACTION was adopted unanimously - 1. The World Conference on Human Rights reaffirms
the solemn commitment of all States to fulfil
their obligations to promote universal respect
for, and observance and protection of, all human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all in
accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations, other instruments relating to human
rights, and international law. The universal
nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond
question. Human rights and fundamental freedoms
are the birthright of all human beings their
protection and promotion is the first
responsibility of Governments.
24- 5. All human rights are universal, indivisible
and interdependent and interrelated. -
- 18. The human rights of women should form an
integral part of the United Nations human rights
activities -
- 19. The persons belonging to minorities have the
right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and
practise their own religion and to use their own
language in private and in public, freely and
without interference or any form of
discrimination.20. The World Conference on
Human Rights recognizes the inherent dignity and
the unique contribution of indigenous people to
the development and plurality of society and
strongly reaffirms the commitment of the
international community to their economic, social
and cultural well-being and their enjoyment of
the fruits of sustainable development. -
- 8. Democracy, development and respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms are
interdependent and mutually reinforcing.
25 The word democracy
originates from the Greek demos
the people
kratein to rule democracy
rule by the people (in the Athenian
democracy, slaves and women were prohibited from
voting)
- The classical distinction between governments in
terms of the number of rulers - government by one man (monarchy or tyranny),
- government by the few (aristocracy or
oligarchy), - government by the many (democracy).
- The distinction between monarchies and republics.
- Schemes classifying democracies in terms of their
key institutions - parliamentary democracy,
- presidential democracy.
26US President Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg
Address (19.11.1863)
- Democracy is
- government of the people by the people for the
people - rule emanating from the people (legitimacy)
- participatory form of rule (execution)
- committed to the people and the public welfare
(normative aspect of rule).
27- There is much debate on the ability of a
democracy to properly represent both the will of
the people and to do what is right, but to
quote Winston Churchill - Democracy is the worst form of government
except for all those others that have been
tried. - This is because there is no system that can
ideally order society. Traditionally the purpose
of democracy is to prevent tyranny and
dictatorship (the accumulation of too much
authority in the hands of one or a few). - IPU, Universal Declaration on Democracy, 1997
- Democracy is the only political system that has
the capacity for self-correction.
28U. HoltzThe triangle of core components of
any democracy
- 1. Free, fair and regular elections with the
possibility to change government -
- Elections require the freedom of expression and
associational freedom. - Electoral competition is required for any
democracy to thrive and flourish. In a
democracy, multiple political forces compete
inside an institutional framework (Adam
Przeworski 1991). - Without inclusion, certain segments of society
are not eligible to participate, leaving a lack
of true democratic representation.
29Nelson Mandela voting in 1994 elections
30- 2. Politics shall be bound by constitutional
- law and order
- This requires the - at least a minimum of
- separation of powers,
- independent judiciary,
- rule of law.
-
31Federal Constitutional Court - Karlsruhe / Germany
32- 3. The respect for, and observance and protection
of inalienable human rights and civil and
political liberties - Elections and a body of civil rights - both
institutions limit the power of the state the
first by ensuring that the rascals can be thrown
out of office, the second by making sure that the
rascals cannot do certain things even while in
office. Civil rights also protect minorities
against the dictatorship of the majority. - (Paul P. Streeten, Prof. em., Boston University)
33European Court of Human Rights Strasbourg /
France
34Streeten Does democracy require a market
economy, and does a market economy require
democracy?
- The answer to the first question is yes, for
there are no democracies that are not market
economies, although the admixture of public
ownership, management and regulation varies
widely the answer to the second question is no,
for there are many market economies that are not
democracies. What about market economy as a
characteristic of democracy? - A market economy, which promotes the free
exchange of goods and services, and civil
society, which involves freely-formed civil
associations, are in practice distinguishing
features of a constitutional democracy. And both
the market economy and civil society depend upon
constitutionalism to guarantee the freedom
conjoined with order that enables them to thrive.
35Robert Dahl Polyarchy. Participation and
Opposition, New Haven - London 1971
- Polyarchy requires not only extensive political
competition and participation but also
substantial levels of freedom (of speech, press,
and the like) and pluralism that enable people to
form and express their political preferences in a
meaningful way. - During the democratisation process the following
criteria should be negotiated - associational autonomy,
- freedom of expression,
- alternative information,
- inclusive suffrage,
- right to run for office,
- free and fair elections,
- elected officials
36Democracy universally recognised?
- IPU, Universal Declaration on Democracy,1997
Democracy is a universally recognised ideal as
well as a goal, which is based on common values
shared by peoples throughout the world community
irrespective of cultural, political, social and
economic differences. It is thus a basic right of
citizenship to be exercised under conditions of
freedom, equality, transparency and
responsibility, with due respect for the
plurality of views, and in the interest of the
polity. - Amartya Sen, 1999 The recognition of democracy
as a universally relevant system, which moves in
the direction of its acceptance as a universal
value, is a major revolution in thinking, and one
of the main contributions of the twentieth
century. Democracy enriches the lives of the
citizens. - UNDP, 2002 Political participation and freedom
are fundamental parts of human development.
37Samuel P. Huntington The Third Wave -
Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,
Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1991
- Huntington coined the label third wave for the
trend of democratization that had begun 30 years
ago. - The first wave had lasted from the American
revolution until the break-up of empires at the
end of World War I - the second followed from decolonization after
World War II. - The third began in Portugal in 1974 and included
the countries liberated by the end of communism
in the late 1980s.
38- A wave of democratization is simply a group of
transitions from nondemocratic to democratic
regimes that occur within a specified period of
time and that significantly outnumber transitions
in the opposite direction during that period. - Each of these waves was followed by an ebb tide
as fascism spread over Europe in the 20s and
30s and Communism and forms of autocratic
Socialism took hold in the third world in the
60s and 70s.
39- Each wave had its own conditions, but several
variables - merit mentioning
- - As a country industrializes, it becomes
increasingly difficult for an authoritarian
regime to maintain its monopoly on power. - - Industrialization also fosters the growth of a
questioning middle class that becomes more vocal
as its wealth increases (not to mention a vibrant
working class that is also a vital force for
democracy). - - Authoritarian regimes inevitably weaken over
time as they fail to meet expectations and public
dissatisfaction increases they also become stale
and are usually incapable of renewing themselves.
40Graeme Gill The Dynamics of Democratization -
Elites, Civil Society and the Transition Process,
Houndmills MacMillan Press, 2000
- Gill shows the significance of civil society in
comparing the varied course of democratization in
different states in the third wave. - In all cases the process starts with the fall of
the dictatorial regime for differing reasons
(economic crisis, political mobilization,
international pressure, dissent within the
regime, etc). - The fall of the regime does not necessarily lead
to the establishment of democracy. The outcome
depends instead on the behaviour of the elites. - Transition theory focused largely on the market
and democracy - and saw these two as not
contiguous. Gill introduces society as a link
between the two and makes the plausible argument
that social organization and social structures
have a major impact on the democratization
process.
41The last two decades of the 20th century have
been dubbed the third wave of democratization,
as dictatorial regimes fell in scores of
countries
- Before the start of this global trend toward
democracy, there were roughly 40 countries that
could be classified as more or less democratic. - The number increased moderately through the late
1970s and early 1980s as a number of states
experienced transitions from authoritarian
(predominantly military) to democratic rule. - In the mid-1980s, however, the pace of global
democratic expansion accelerated markedly, and
today there are between 76 and 117 democracies,
depending on how one counts.
42- In 2002, the first Arab Human Development Report
was released by the United Nations Development
Program and the Arab Fund for Social and Economic
Development. - With contributions from dozens of Arab scholars,
it declared bluntly The wave of democracy that
transformed governance in most of the world has
barely reached the Arab states. The freedom
deficit undermines human development and is one
of the most painful manifestations of lagging
political development.
43- The world has more democratic countries and more
political participation than ever, with 140
countries holding multiparty elections. Of 147
countries with data, 121- with 68 of the worlds
people - had some or all of the elements of
formal democracy in 2000. - This compares with only 54 countries, with 46 of
the worlds people, in 1980. Since then 81
countries have taken significant steps in
democratization, while 6 have regressed. Scores
of authoritarian regimes have been replaced by
governments more accountable to the people - a
real achievement for human development. - But true democratization means more than
elections. It requires the consolidation of
democratic institutions and the strengthening of
democratic practices, with democratic values and
norms embedded in all parts of society. - Source UNDP
44Transitology - Consolidation of democracy
- Wolfgang Merkel (1966)
- 4 levels of consolidation institutional
(polity), representative (politics), behavioral
(elites) and civic culture - Juan J. Linz /Alfred Stepan (1996)
- 3 dimensions Behaviorally, Attitudionally,
Constitutionally - 5 arenas Civil society, Political society,
Rule of law, State apparatus", Economic
society)
45- By a minimalist, electoral democracy definition,
countries such as Turkey, Russia, Sri Lanka or
Colombia, qualify as democracies. But by a
stricter conception of liberal democracy, all
fall short and are partly free. All suffer
sufficiently serious abridgments of political
rights and civil liberties that they failed to
attain a rating of free in the most recent
Comparative Survey of Freedom, the annual
global survey of political rights and civil
liberties conducted by Freedom House. - This gap between electoral democracy and liberal
democracy, which has become one of the most
striking features of the third wave, has
serious consequences for theory, policy, and
comparative analysis.
46Freedom in the World 2003www.freedomhouse.org
- 193 countries
- 90 Free
- 55 Partly Free
- 48 Not Free
47 Map of Freedom 2003
48(No Transcript)
49Parliament key institution of democracy
- IPU, 1997
- Democracy is founded on the right of everyone to
take part in the management of public affairs it
therefore requires the existence of
representative institutions at all levels and, in
particular, a Parliament in which all components
of society are represented and which has the
requisite powers and means to express the will of
the people by legislating and overseeing
government action.
50PARLIAMENTS' ROLE IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC
INSTITUTIONSAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN A
FRAGMENTED WORLD Resolution adopted unanimously
by the 108th Conference, Chile, 11.4.2003
- national parliaments represent the basis for
good governance grounded on democratic
institutions responsive to the needs of the
people, the rule of law, anti-corruption
measures, gender equality and a favourable
atmosphere and environment for investment, - the important role of parliaments as legitimate
representatives of the people in strengthening
democratisation in multilateral institutions and
furthering human development, - parliaments have a vital responsibility to
guarantee free universal education without any
discrimination whatsoever, as this hastens the
pace of economic, social and political
development and fosters cultural and spiritual
advancement,
51The Assemblée Nationale / Niamey (Niger)
German Parliament / Berlin
52- The Universal Declaration on Democracy rightly
stipulates that a parliament must be endowed with
the requisite powers and practical means to
express the will of the people by legislating and
overseeing government action. - The IPU Resolution Parliaments' Role in
Strengthening Democratic Institutions and Human
Development in a Fragmented World propagates
sustainable human development as an overall
political objective at the same time, it
expresses concern that efforts to build strong
democratic institutions in ensuring successful
long-term human development encounter numerous
challenges, such as poverty, corruption,
globalization, lack of resources, discrimination,
transnational crime, civil strife, environmental
degradation and overpopulation.
53 Parliamentary HexagonU. Holtz
- There are idealiter main six roles and functions
- Making laws (legislative power)
- Deciding on the budget (power of the purse)
- Holding government accountable and exercising
control of executive action (power of
parliamentary oversight) - Representing democratic publics (power of
representation and discourse) - Electing the executive (elective power)
- Influencing foreign policy and international
relations (treaty and war power, power of
mediation between the public and international
organisations and institutions). -
- 1 A very important role is played by the
political opposition, which should be adequately
represented in the workings of the parliament and
be given the resources it needs to do an
efficient job.
54Legislative Types John K. Johnson and Robert T.
Nakamura, 1999
55- In theory policy-making is a problem-solving
process which is rational, linear, balanced,
objective and analytical. - However, very often, the whole life of policy is
a chaos of purposes and accidents. Practice
teaches that policy implementation is an ongoing,
non-linear process that must be managed. It
requires consensus building, participation of key
stakeholders, conflict resolution, compromise,
contingency planning, resource mobilisation and
adaptation. - New policies often reconfigure roles, structures,
and incentives, thus changing the array of costs
and benefits to implementers, direct
beneficiaries, and other stakeholders. - As a result, policy implementation is often very
difficult. Experience has shown that an inwardly
focussed, business as usual approach will fall
short of achieving intended results. - Rebecca Sutton, The Policy Process An Overview
Working Paper 118, (Overseas - Development Institute), London, August 1999.
56 57- It was politically difficult to complain about
corruption, mismanagement, and the abuses of
authoritarian regimes, especially in Africa,
without giving offence. So a new term was
invented, whose meaning in relation to the more
old-fashioned government is not entirely
clear. (Paul Streeten) - The Oxford English Dictionary defines governance
as the act or manner of governing, of exercising
control or authority over the actions of
subjects a system of regulations. - Governance can be used in several contexts such
as national governance and local governance,
global governance, corporate governance. There
are many actors.
58- Governance was a rarely used term in development
circles until employed in the World Banks 1989
report, Sub-Saharan Africa From Crisis to
Sustainable Growth. - Later, Governance and Development provided a
specific definition relevant to the Banks
purposes the manner in which power is exercised
in the management of a country's economic and
social resources for development. -
- The World Bank has identified three distinct
aspects of governance - (i) the form of political regime
- (ii) the process by which authority is exercised
in the management of a country's economic and
social resources for development - (iii) the capacity of governments to design,
formulate, and implement policies and discharge
functions. -
- The first aspect is deemed outside the Banks
mandate thus the Bank's focus has been on the
second and third aspects.
59- The term usually describes conditions in a
country as a whole. - The African Development Bank has introduced the
notions of macro-, meso-, and micro-governance to
conditions at various levels of government,
suggesting that authoritarian regimes committed
to development might exhibit and allow good
governance at the middle and lower levels. - The Inter-American Development Bank gives special
emphasis to the modernization of public
administration. - Some bilateral donors (for example, the United
Kingdom's ODA) prefer the terms good governance
or good government. These terms emphasize
governances normative aspects and facilitate its
use as a guide to aid allocation using criteria
drawn from the political as well as economic
dimensions of governance. - BMZ (2001) Poverty Reduction Programme of
Action 2015 One key factor for successful
poverty reduction is good governance which
guarantees human rights, democracy, and
participation. - WSSD (2002) Good governance within each country
and at the international level is essential for
sustainable development.
60- The OECD's Development Assistance Committee uses
the World Banks definition of governance and
links it with participatory development, human
rights, and democratization. - It sees an overall agenda emerging in the aid
policies of its member states, with the following
links - legitimacy of government (degree of
democratization) - accountability of political and official elements
of government (media freedom, transparent
decision-making, accountability mechanisms), - competence of governments to formulate policies
and deliver services - respect for human rights and rule of law
(individual and group rights and security,
framework for economic and social activity, and
participation).
61- Governments are one of the actors in governance.
-
- At the national level, in addition to the
governments, media, lobbyists, international
donors, multi-national corporations, etc. may
play a role in decision-making or in influencing
the decision-making process. - All actors other than government and the military
are grouped together as part of the civil
society. -
- In some countries in addition to the civil
society, organized crime syndicates also
influence decision-making, particularly in urban
areas and at the national level.
62- Good governance has eight major characteristics.
http//www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.htm - It is participatory, consensus oriented,
accountable, transparent, responsive, effective
and efficient, equitable and inclusive and
follows the rule of law. - It assures that corruption is minimized, the
views of minorities are taken into account and
that the voices of the most vulnerable in society
are heard in decision-making. - It is also responsive to all stakeholders as well
as to the present and future needs of society.
63The eight major characteristics Source
http//www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.htm
64HDR 2002
- Human development must also be concerned with
whether institutions and rules are fair - and
whether all people have a say in how they
operate - Participating in the rules and institutions
that shape ones community is a basic human right
and part of human development. - More inclusive governance can be more
effective. When local people are consulted about
the location of a new health clinic, for example,
there is a better chance it will be built in the
right place. - More participatory governance also can be more
equitable. Much is known about the economic and
social policies that help eradicate poverty and
promote more inclusive growth.
65- Democratic governance is valuable in its own
right. But it can also advance human development,
for three reasons. - First, enjoying political freedom and
participating in the decisions that shape ones
life are fundamental human rights they are part
of human development in their own right. - Democracy helps protect people from economic and
political catastrophes such as famines and
descents into chaos. ... - Democratic governance can trigger a virtuous
cycle of development - as political freedom
empowers people to press for policies that expand
social and economic opportunities, and as open
debates help communities shape their priorities.
- The most benign dictatorship imaginable would
not be compatible with human development because
human development has to be fully owned.
66DECLARATION OF SANTIAGO ON DEMOCRACY AND PUBLIC
TRUSTA NEW COMMITMENT TO GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR
THE AMERICASThe Ministers of Foreign Affairs and
Heads of Delegation of the member countries of
the organization of American States, assembled in
Santiago (2003)
- DECLARE
- The need to define an agenda for good governance
for the Hemisphere that addresses political,
economic, and social challenges and fosters
credibility and public trust in democratic
institutions. - Strengthening political parties as intermediaries
for citizen demands, in a system of
representative democracy, is essential to the
functioning of the democratic political system. - The firm intention to promote full participation
by citizens in the political system, in order to
increase credibility and public trust in
democratic institutions, including support for
civil society organizations.
67ACP-EU Partnership Agreement, signed in Cotonou,
23 June 2000
- One of the most controversial issues during the
EU-ACP negotiations was the debate on good
governance. - In Brussels, both sides agreed on a common
approach aimed at promoting good governance and
fighting corruption. - Foreseen is a new procedure for consultation and
adoption of measures in cases where human rights,
democratic principles and the rule of law were
violated as well as a specific procedure for
application in serious cases of corruption
(including the suspension of aid), placing the
emphasis on the primary responsibility of the
state concerned to take measures to rectify the
situation.
68- Theses innovative steps can indeed be considered
as proof of the vitality of the political
dialogue between the ACP states and the European
Union and their shared determination to tackle
these problems frankly and find effective
solutions. - However, the consensus on good governance was
interpreted by the ACP Secretariat in a quite
different way On the political and
institutional issues in particular, the ACP has
managed to ensure the wider political
preoccupations of the EU do not lead to
unmanageable, though fashionable,
conditionalities being imposed on the 71 states
of the Group. - It is irritating that the ACP side is using the
word fashionable in this important context. For
years, it has been the common understanding in EU
national parliaments as well as in the broad
public and in the international community that it
cannot be tolerated that official development
assistance - tax payers money - should be used to
keep undemocratic governments or dictators in
power and to give them respectability.
69BMZ, 1991 and 2001
- To determine the nature and volume of its
development cooperation with each partner
country, the German government applies the
following criteria - respect for human rights,
- the rule of law and certainty of the law,
- popular participation in the political process,
- creation of a social and ecological market
economy, - development-oriented state action.
- In all criteria, attention is also given to the
extent to which the partner government focuses
its policy on poverty reduction. The German
government will reinforce its cooperation with
countries that are clearly striving for pro-poor
and pro-development reforms.
70- Aid policies, just like domestic policies, are
motivated by a mixture of political and
commercial pressures, national interests,
idealism and human solidarity. Military security,
altruistic and Machiavellian motives and
profit-seeking export interests inspire foreign
assistance policies. - To technical, economic and environmental
conditionality has been added political
conditionality about good governance - Combining development aid not only with the
conventional conditions for policy reform (reduce
budget deficits, reduce inflation, raise interest
rates, devalue), but also environmental
protection, poverty reduction, social objectives,
political freedom, human rights and good
governance has become popular among bilateral and
multilateral donors. - Streeten
71- It is important for conditionality on governance
and human rights to distinguish between three
types of negative human rights leaving aside such
positive, important rights as the right to
education, health, food, etc - First, human rights in the narrow sense not to
be tortured imprisoned without trial, etc. - Second, civil rights, such as access to an
independent judiciary the rule of law. In Tudor
England there was no democracy, but these rights
were respected. - Third, political rights, multi-party system, free
elections, etc. The status of these three kinds
is quite different. In the third, there is a
danger that only Parliamentary or Presidential
democracy is accepted, which may be inappropriate
for some cultures. - Another question is whether the conditionality
referring to governance and human rights is
additional in two senses (1) are the conditions
added to other conditions? (2) are additional
funds available if the conditions are met? Robert
McNamaras Redistribution with Growth and Basic
Needs approaches in the 1970s were accompanied by
additional money.
72 73- Development
- There is no single definition universally
accepted. Values, political convictions,
scientific findings, practical experiences drawn
from various backgrounds are coming in.
74The Challenge to the South. The Report of the
South Commission, Oxford 1990
- The South and Its Tasks
-
- In our view, development is
- a process which enables human beings to realize
their potential, build self-confidence, and lead
lives of dignity and fulfilment. - It is a process which frees people from the fear
of want and exploitation. - It is a movement away from political, economic,
or social oppression. - Through development, political independence
acquires its true significance. - And it is a process of growth, a movement
essentially springing from within the society
that is developing.
75- Development is based on self-reliance and is
self-directed without these characteristics
there can be no genuine development. But a nation
is its people. Development has therefore to be an
effort of, by, and for the people. True
development has to be people-centred. It has to
be directed at the fulfilment of human potential
and the improvement of the social and economic
well-being of the people. - The base for a nations development must be its
own resources, both human and material, fully
used to meet / its own needs. External assistance
can promote development. But to have this effect,
this assistance has to be integrated into the
national effort and applied to the purposes of
those it is meant to benefit.
76New Partnership for Africas Development / NEPAD,
October 2001
- 27. the challenge is for the peoples and
governments of Africa to understand that
development is a process of empowerment and
self-reliance. - 18. The impoverishment of the African continent
was accentuated primarily by the legacy of
colonialism, the Cold War, the workings of the
international economic system and the
inadequacies of and shortcomings in the policies
pursued by many countries in the
post-independence era. - 22. Post-colonial Africa inherited weak states
and dysfunctional economies that were further
aggravated by poor leadership, corruption and bad
governance in many countries.
77NEPAD
- 71. African leaders have learnt from their own
experiences that peace, security, democracy, good
governance, human rights and sound economic
management are conditions for sustainable
development. - They are making a pledge to work, both
individually and collectively, to promote these
principles in their countries, sub-regions and
the continent.
78- In the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable
Development Political Declaration, the
government representatives - reaffirmed the commitment to sustainable
development, - pledged to build a humane, equitable and caring
global society, united by a common determination
to save our planet, and to - promote human development and achieve universal
prosperity and peace. - They assumed a collective responsibility to
advance and strengthen the interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable
development economic development, social
development and environmental protection at
local, national, regional and global levels - They welcomed the Johannesburg Summit focus on
the indivisibility of human dignity, while
remaining committed to the indivisibility of
human dignity and to democratic systems.
79- Holtz
- For development to be human and sustainable it
must be centered on the human beings and has to
integrate - economic development,
- social development,
- environmental stewardship,
- political stability (democracy, human rights,
rule of law, gender equality) - - not just for today but for the generations
to come. -
- This is the challenge facing parliaments and
governments, non-governmental organizations,
private enterprises, research and teaching
institutions, communities and individuals.
80- UNDP advocates the realization of human rights
as part of sustainable human development, an
approach that places people at the centre of all
development activities. -
- For UNDP sustainable human development provides
a unique and holistic paradigm.
81(No Transcript)
825. Relationship between democracy and
development
83- Is there a cruel choice between freedom and
economic growth? The relationship between
democracy or political progress and development
or economic progress is very complex a large
and growing academic literature with a variety of
conclusions - Only authoritarian governments can provide the
tough measures necessary for successful
development. - Historically, economic progress has occurred in
non-dictatorial societies. - Civil and political freedoms promote development
and growth. - Property rights, a necessary condition for
economic growth, are securer in democracies. - A country does not have to be deemed fit for
democracy rather, it has to become fit through
democracy. Political and civil rights can be seen
as constitutive of the process of development (A.
Sen).
84The international community about the links
- WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, Vienna, June
1993Democracy, development and respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms are
interdependent and mutually reinforcing. - UNDPs HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2002
- The links between democracy and human
development are not automatic. Political freedom
and participation are part of human development,
both as development goals in their own right and
as means for advancing human development. - COTONOU AGREEMENT, 2000
- The partnership shall actively support the
promotion of human rights, processes of
democratisation, consolidation of the rule of
law, and good governance. - NEPAD, 2001
- African leaders have learnt from their own
experiences that peace, security, democracy, good
governance, human rights and sound economic
management are conditions for sustainable
development. (Art. 71)
85WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTSVienna, 14-25
June 1993VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF
ACTION
- 8. The international community should support
the strengthening and promoting of democracy,
development and respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the entire world. - 9. The World Conference on Human Rights reaffirms
that least developed countries committed to the
process of democratization and economic reforms,
many of which are in Africa, should be supported
by the international community in order to
succeed in their transition to democracy and
economic development.
86- 10. The World Conference on Human Rights
reaffirms the right to development, as
established in the Declaration on the Right to
Development, as a universal and inalienable right
and an integral part of fundamental human
rights.As stated in the Declaration on the
Right to Development, the human person is the
central subject of development.While
development facilitates the enjoyment of all
human rights, the lack of development may not be
invoked to justify the abridgement of
internationally recognized human rights.States
should cooperate with each other in ensuring
development and eliminating obstacles to
development. The international community should
promote an effective international cooperation
for the realization of the right to development
and the elimination of obstacles to development.
87UNDP
88ACP-EU Partnership Agreement, signed in Cotonou,
23 June 2000
- Article 9 Essential Elements and Fundamental
Element - Co-operation shall be directed towards
sustainable development centred on the human
person, who is the main protagonist and
beneficiary of development this entails respect
for and promotion of all human rights. - Respect for all human rights and fundamental
freedoms, including respect for fundamental
social rights, democracy based on the rule of law
and transparent and accountable governance are an
integral part of sustainable development. - The Parties reaffirm that democratisation,
development and the protection of fundamental
freedoms and human rights are interrelated and
mutually reinforcing.
89NEPAD, 2001
- 45. Across the continent, democracy is spreading,
backed by the African Union (AU), which has shown
a new resolve to deal with conflicts and censure
deviation from the norm. - These efforts are reinforced by voices in civil
society, including associations of women, youth
and the independent media. In addition, African
governments are much more resolute about regional
and continental goals of economic cooperation and
integration. - This serves both to consolidate the gains of the
economic turnaround and to reinforce the
advantages of mutual interdependence.
90- 46. The United Nations Millennium Declaration,
adopted in September 2000, confirms the global
communitys readiness to support Africas efforts
to address the continents underdevelopment and
marginalisation. - The Declaration emphasises support for the
prevention of conflict and the establishment of
conditions of stability and democracy on the
continent, as well as for the key challenges of
eradicating poverty and disease. - The Declaration further points to the global
communitys commitment to enhance resource flows
to Africa, by improving aid, trade and debt
relationships between Africa and the rest of the
world, and by increasing private capital flows to
the continent.
91Human Rights-Based Approach to Development
Policy Annette Windmeisser, BMZ, 2003
926. Practical Experiences poverty reduction
and environmental protection / desertification
UNCCDparliamentary involvement
93United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD)
- Drought and desertification threaten the
livelihood of over 1 billion people in more than
110 countries around the world. - Desertification means degradation of land and
vegetation, soil erosion and the loss of topsoil
and fertile land in arid, semi-arid and dry
sub-humid areas, caused primarily by human
activities and climatic variations. Drought can
trigger or aggravate desertification. The term
desertification (somewhat misleadingly) does
not apply to hyper-arid zones (deserts). - UNCCD was adopted on 17 June 1994 and entered
into force in 1996. There are currently 190
Parties to the Convention - 189 States and the
European Community.
94- 2002, the Johannesburg Summit acknowledged the
UNCCD as an important tool for poverty
eradication it also stressed the need to
mobilize adequate and predictable financial
resources for the implementation of the UNCCD. - Parliaments can contribute to providing for
effective policy formulation, coordination,
implementation and monitoring of the processes of
sustainable human development including of the
UNCCD process. - The UNCCD implementation process will contribute
to realising the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), in particular the following ensure
environmental sustainability, eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger, promote gender equality and
empower women.
95Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
- After the Cologne G7/G8 Summit in June 1999, the
World Bank Group and the IMF agreed at the Annual
Meeting of September 1999 that nationally-owned
participatory poverty reduction strategies should
provide the basis for all World Bank and IMF
concessional lending, and for debt relief under
the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
Initiative. - The shift to PRSPs and the loss of confidence in
the previous policy of economic reform,
structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), has
occurred since the World Bank and other advocates
of adjustment policies have come to acknowledge
that many adjustment measures generated losses
among the poor, and that there was a connection
between adjustment programmes and growing poverty
and inequality
96- The second generation of reforms now advocated,
rather than revising and improving the economic
policy framework so far pursued, principally adds
new elements, emphasising the importance of
getting institutions right or simply good
governance. - PRSPs describe a country's macroeconomic,
structural and social policies and programmes
that aimed at promoting growth and reducing
poverty, as well as associated external financing
needs and major sources of financing. PRSPs may
include core techniques (poverty diagnostics,
monitoring and evaluation, etc.), sectoral issues
(health, education, infrastructure, macroeconomic
policy), and cross-cutting issues (gender,
environment, etc.). - PRSPs are prepared by governments through a
participatory process involving civil society and
development partners, including the World Bank
and the IMF.
97- There are seven core process and content
principles underlying the drafting and
implementation of poverty reduction strategies.
The strategies should be - Country-driven.
- Participatory.
- Partnership-oriented.
- Comprehensive.
- Results-oriented.
- Prioritized.
- Based on a long-term perspective for poverty
reduction. - As of April 2003, 26 countries had presented
PRSPs and 45 countries had presented I-PRPSs to
the World Bank and IMF Boards.
98Desertification, land degradation and
parliaments involvement in PRSPs in selected
countries
- Analysis. PRSPs do not consider land
degradation, soil erosion and desertification to
be main factors for poverty. - Poverty-environment links. The picture is mixed.
Some PRSPs recognize the links between poverty
alleviation and the restoration or sound
management of natural resources while others do
not. Neither the economic significance of
desertification and its impact on the poor
population, nor the poverty/land degradation
downward spiral are mentioned. - Planning / environmental management responses.
Not a single PRSP regarded the combat against
desertification as a priority area. While the
PRSPs represent a significant effort to bring
together the full set of public actions that
countries intend to pursue to reduce poverty,
they generally are weak regarding the
prioritisation and specificity of these actions. - Participatory process. In all analysed countries
more or less satisfactory and broad participation
processes took place. However, parliaments were
not really involved in the consultation,
elaboration and decision-making process of the
PRSPs. Their role was too often the traditional
role of formal approval (rubberstamp).
Political parties were rarely invited to
participate at the process.
99- In a joint declaration in Dakar in September
2001, African members of parliament involved in
the PRSP forum, stressed that parliament must
not be marginalized in the formulation and
implementation of poverty reduction strategies.
Examples of this marginalization are common. - Uganda, for instance, has been especially
energetic in assuring civil society participation
in PRSP development and monitoring, but formal
parliamentary review of plans and progress has
been neglected. - In contrast, the Burkina Faso PRSP was presented
to parliament for ratification prior to its
official transmission to the Bank and the Fund. - In Mauritania, parliamentarians were members of
the PRSP working parties and of the committee
monitoring the PRSP process a debate was held in
parliament with NGOs, other civil society
organizations and development partners, and
parliament approved the PRSP.