Modern America Emerges

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Unit 5

• Modern America Emerges

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Chapter 17

• The Progressive Era
• (Safari MontageProgressive Era)

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• Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism
• Progressivism was a movement that aimed to
  restore economic opportunities and correct
  injustices in American life.
•  
• This movement had 8 major goals grouped into two
  categories
• Social Reforms
• Political Reforms

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Social Reforms People Groups Laws Legal Decisions
1. Social welfare   YMCA, Salvation Army, Florence Kelleyhelped secure passage of the Illinois Factory Act. Illinois Factory Actprohibited child labor and limited womens working hours.
2. Morality Prohibitionists, WCTU, Frances Williard 1919 18th Amendment passed--Prohibition. Volstead Actreinforced the 18th Amendment.
3. Economic Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party, Muckrakers, Upton SinclairThe Jungle Sought to change the mindset of individual business owners by publishing articles and magazines criticizing their practices.
4. Industrial Efficiency Frederick Taylor pushed industries to apply the scientific method which showed workers were not machines and could not function properly all day. Henry Ford began paying workers more and implementing an 8 hour workday.
5. Protecting Workers Knights of Labor, Eugene Debs, American Federation of Labor 8 hour workday, workers compensation, child labor laws, sanitary working conditions, minimum wage.
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6. Local Government Hazen Pingree Tom JohnsonMayors of Detroit Cleveland who looked to destroy the political machines. 16th 17th Amendment
7. Big Business Robert La Follettesought to limit the amount of wealth accumulated by big business. 16th 17th Amendment
8. Election reform Federal Government, Seneca Falls Convention, and Susan B. Anthony Initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, 19th Amendment
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• Section 3Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal
• Teddy Roosevelt became president in 1901 when
  William McKinley was assassinated. 
• Roosevelt was a Progressive president and
  implemented his reform policies through the
  Square Deal. These policies included
• Trustbusting 
• Mediate strikes that threatened the public
  welfare

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• Regulate the RRsInterstate Commerce Commission 
• Elkins Actno more rebates and had to notify
  public of rate changes
• Hepburn Actlimited distribution of free RR
  passes 
• Meat Inspection Actfederal inspection of meat
  packing industry 
• PFDAregulated distribution of food
• Conservation Pollution Laws
• Civil Rightsignored, but way was paved for
  NAACPW.E.B. Du Bois

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• Section 5 Woodrow Wilson
•     Howard Taft was elected President in 1908
  and had 4 tumultuous years.
•     In 1912, Woodrow Wilson was elected
  President and enacted his policies outlined in
  the New Freedom.
• The New Freedom included
• 1. Clayton Antitrust Act
• 2. Federal Trade Commission
• 3. Underwood Actreduced tariffs
• 4. Ratification of 16th Amendment
• 5. Federal Reserve Systembanks
• 6. 19th Amendment
• 7. End lynching

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Chapter 18

• America Claims an Empire
• (Safari MontageUS the World 1965)

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• Section 1 Imperialism America
• At the turn of the 19th century America was
  seeking to expand its territory for the following
  reasons
• Global competition
• desire for military strength
• new markets
• spread culture and democracy
• What is Imperialism? The policy in which
  stronger nations attempt to extend their
  economic, political, and military control over
  weaker nations.
• How do we maintain democracy during this
  process? Expand in the name of democracy!

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Expansion Area How it was done
Hawaii Hawaii was dominant in exporting sugar. The US was their big market. In 1890, the US placed a tariff on Hawaiian sugar. In order to avoid paying the tariff, the plantation owners asked the US to annex their territory. The citizens of Hawaii overthrew their queen and voted to be annexed.
The Spanish-American War Cuba and the Philippines were seeking independence from harsh colonial rule by the Spanish. When an American vessel (USS Maine) exploded outside of Havana, the American press blamed the Spanish (Yellow Journalism). The public supported aiding Cuba and the Philippines in their attempt to gain independence.
Philippines The US aided the Filipinos and the Spanish were overthrown. When the Spanish left, the US did not and set up the Philippines as an American province. The US remained there for over 50 years.
Cuba Teller AmendmentThe US recognized Cuban independence and would not use the war with Spain as a means to occupy Cuba. The US won the war against Spain in 6 months with the help of the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers. When the war ended the US made Cuba sign the Platt AmendmentThe US was given a military base in Cuba and could intervene if Cuba was ever threatened by another foreign power.
China The Boxer Rebellion 1900 was a Chinese nationalist movement against foreign influence in their country. The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US put down the rebellion. Even though China kept its Independence, their leaders were forced to sign the Open Door Policy (John Hay) that no single nation would create a monopoly on trade with China.
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• Section 4 America as a World Power
• A) What caused American Expansion?
• Economic competition amongst industrial nations
  (need for markets)
• Political and military competition (Alfred Mahan)
• Nationalism

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• B) What effects did this have on the US?
• Alaska1867
• Hawaii Pearl Harbor1898
• Treaty of ParisSpain gave the US Puerto Rico,
  Guam, the Philippines
• Reorganization of the Puerto Rican government
• Protectorate over Cuba
• Open Door Policy with China
• Construction of the Panama Canal
• Pressure for Mexico and other countries in the
  Western Hemisphere to establish democratic
  governments.

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Chapter 19

• The First World War

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Section 1 World War I Begins MAIN IDEA As World
War I intensified, the United States was forced
to abandon its neutrality. Four factors
contributed to the outbreak of World War I in
Europe Nationalism tensions grew as nations
pursued only their own interests.  Imperialism
rivalries increased as nations jockeyed for power
around the world.  Militarism the nations
developed strong armed forces to back up their
growing empires. Alliances a series of
treaties grouped the nations of Europe into two
armed camps. These four factors were caused by
Industrialization
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• The war broke out in 1914 when a Serb killed the
  heir to the throne of Austria-HungaryArchduke
  Franz Ferdinand
• The alliance system resulted in Russia defending
  Serbia against Austria-Hungary.Germany supported
  Austria-Hungary and then declared war on Russias
  ally, France. So Great Britain, Frances ally,
  declared war on Germany. Armies soon opposed each
  other across a system of trenches. Although
  neither side gained territory, hundreds of
  thousands of soldiers died.
• The United States refused to join either side.
  Over time, though, stories of German atrocities
  and close economic ties to Great Britain and
  France moved Americans toward the Allied camp.

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• U.S. public opinion turned against Germany
  when
• some Americans died in German Submarine attacks
  (Lusitania)
• two US ships were sunk
• Russia w/drew
• the Zimmerman Note

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• Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance
• MAIN IDEA The United States mobilized a large
  army and navy to help the Allies achieve victory.
• The United States was not prepared for war, but
  it launched a draft and quickly put about 3
  million men in uniform. Women were not drafted,
  but the navy accepted women volunteers as nurses
  and secretaries. African Americans served in
  separate units some were trained as officers.

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• The US created various boards to oversee wartime
  policies. These boards included
• War Industries Board
• Railroad Administration
• Fuel Administration
• War Labor Board
• Food Administration
• Committee of Public Information
• Espionage Sedition Acts

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• During war years 1914-1917, the war was a
  stalemate with each side digging trenches and
  stuck between no mans land.
• When Russia w/drew, the balance shifted towards
  the Central Powers (Germany Austria-Hungary),
  and away from the Allies (France Great
  Britain). 
• The US quickly shifted the balance again in favor
  of the Allies as they provided fresh motivated
  troops, machine guns, and helped the British mass
  produce a new weapon of warthe tank. 
• In November of 1918, German sailors, soldiers,
  and civilians mutinied, refusing to continue the
  war. The German Kaiser abdicated his throne, and
  the new government surrendered.

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Section 3 The War at Home MAIN IDEA World War I
spurred social, political, and economic change in
the United States. To fight the war adequately,
the United States had to mobilize industry and
labor, as well as soldiers. Wilson named Bernard
M. Baruch to head the War Industries Board (WIB),
the main agency responsible for overseeing
industrial production. It helped boost industrial
output by 20 percent. But prices rose as well.
While some industriesmetal work, shipbuilding,
and meat packingboomed, workers lost buying
power due to higher prices. Union membership grew
dramatically. The Food Administration
encouraged people to change their eating habits
to save food for soldiers. The government paid
for the war by raising taxes and by selling
bonds, which celebrities helped sell. To support
the war effort, the Committee of Public
Information encouraged people to aid the cause.
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The war brought an anti-German backlash that
discredited things German or people of German
background. Congress passed the Espionage and
Sedition Acts to punish anyone who interfered
with the draft or the sale of war bonds or who
said anything that could be defined as disloyal.
About 1,500 people were convicted under these
laws. Some chief targets were socialists and
union leaders.  African-American leaders were
divided over the war. Some said that helping the
war effort would enhance the fight for equality.
Others said that without equality, blacks should
not help. The main effect of the war on African
Americans was to spur the Great Migrationthe
movement of thousands of blacks from the South to
the cities of the North. They tried to escape
harsh treatment in the South and hoped to find
jobs and equality in the North.  Women played
new roles, taking jobs that had been held only by
men in the past. Their contribution helped
increase support for womens suffrage and ensured
ratification, in 1920, of the Nineteenth
Amendment giving women the right to vote. About
500,000 Americans died in a worldwide flu
epidemic in 1919.
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• Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace
• MAIN IDEA European leaders opposed most of
  Wilson's peace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed
  to ratify the peace treaty.
• President Wilson traveled to Europe to push for a
  peace plancalled the Fourteen Pointsthat he
  hoped would prevent future wars. He hoped to
  remove the causes of war by eliminating secret
  treaties and reducing imperialism. Other points
  aimed at specific adjustments to boundaries.
  Underlying these points was Wilsons goal of
  allowing ethnic groups to determine their own
  fate. Finally, Wilson proposed creating an
  international organization called the League of
  Nations to give nations a chance to discuss and
  settle their disputes without resorting to war.

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• Wilson lost almost all of his points Great
  Britain, France, and Italythe victorswere
  determined to punish Germany for the war. The
  Treaty of Versailles, which established the
  peace, created nine new nations in Europe. It
  carved out parts of the Ottoman Empirewhich had
  allied with Germanyto create temporary colonies
  for Great Britain and France in the Middle East.
  It took away Germanys army and navy and forced
  Germany to pay war damages, or reparations, to
  the victors. In one provision, Germany had to
  admit to guilt for causing the war.

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• The treaty had three weaknesses.
• The harsh treatment of Germany, which weakened
  that nations economy and aroused resentment
  there.
• The treaty ignored the new Communist government
  in Russia.
• It did nothing to recognize nationalist desires
  in the colonies of European powers.

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Many Americans opposed the treaty, which they
believed was unjust and imperfect. The main
debate was over the League of Nationsthe only of
Wilsons Fourteen Points contained in the treaty.
Many people believed that joining the League
would involve the United States in foreign
conflicts. Wilson refused to compromise on the
League or accept amendments to the treaty
proposed by Republican leaders. The Senate failed
to ratify the treaty, and the United States never
entered the League of Nations. In Europe, the war
created political instability and violence that
lasted for decades. The unresolved issues of
World War I, along with many Germans desire for
vengeance,would plunge the world into an even
greater conflict.