Chapter 13: The Renaissance

1
The Renaissance

• Chapter 13 The Renaissance Reformation
• 14th century -17th century

2
The End of the Middle Ages

• The Dark Ages were bombarded with the following
  crises
• The Black Death
• The Hundred Years War
• Babylonian Captivity Great Schism
• The Church dominated politics life

Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European
"Dark Age". From Cycle of Famous Men and Women,
Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla, c. 1450
www.wikipedia.org
3
What is the Renaissance?

• Section 1 The Renaissance in Italy
• How would you define this period?
• What are its characteristics?

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man shows clearly
the effect writers of Antiquity had on
Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications
in Vitruvius's De architectura around 1500 years
before, Da Vinci tried to draw the perfectly
proportioned man. www.wikipedia.org
4
Why Italy?

• Why did it occur first in Italy?
• How did the Crusades influence the Northern
  Italian states?
• Who ruled the Italian states?

www.wikipedia.org
5
A New View of the World

• How did the way people think change from the
  Middle Ages?
• What was the focus of life and the future?
• What was an ideal Renaissance Man?

Demetrius Chalcondyles was a Renaissance teacher
of Greek and of Platonic philosophy who taught in
Italy for over forty years at Padua, Perugia,
Milan and Florence. www.wikipedia.org
6
A New World View

• Questioning attitude helped spark the Age of
  Exploration the Scientific Revolution.
• Christopher Columbus who sailed to America
  represented this spirit
• Copernicus changed the way people saw the
  universe by suggesting Heliocentrism as opposed
  to the long accepted geocentric model

www.wikipedia.org
7
Humanism

• Intellectual movement rooted in the Renaissance
  period.
• What is the definition of Humanism?
• What role does education play in this movement?
• Francisco Petrarch
• Florentine
• Assembled a library of Greek and roman
  manuscripts
• Sonnets to Laura love poems inspired by a woman
  he knew from a distance
• Father of the Humanism

8
Florence the Medicis

• promoted the brilliance of the renaissance and
  had gifted poets, artists, architects and
  scholars
• Medici family of Florence organized a successful
  banking business
• Cosimo de Medici gained control of the Florentine
  government in 1434
• Grandson Lorenzo Lorenzo the Magnificent
• Generous patron of the arts

Lorenzo the Magnificent www.wikipedia.org
9
The Art

• What 2 groups patronized most of the art in
  Italy?
• Characteristics of Renaissance Art
• Perspective 3 dimensional effects
• Chiaroscuro use of shading using dark and light
  colors to show depth
• Sfumato the blurring or softening of lines
• Used by Leonardo Da Vinci
• Renaissance Sculpture
• Glorified the human body
• Used Greco-Roman poses

10
Michelangelo
Michelangelo's Pietà, a depiction of the body of
Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the
Crucifixion, was carved in 1499, when the
sculptor was 24 years old. www.wikipedia.org
The original David of Michelangelo the statue
stands 5.17 meters tall. Photo by David Gaya
www.wikipedia.org
11
Michelangelo
Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel the work took approximately four years to
complete (15081512) Aaron Logan from
http//www.lightmatter.net/gallery/italy/4_G
through www.wikipedia.org
12
Raphael
The School of Athens, 1511-12, the most famous of
Raphael's Vatican frescos, in the Stanza della
Segnatura. www.wikipedia.org
The Madonna of the Meadow, ca. 1506, using
Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of
the Holy Family www.wikipedia.org
13
DaVinci
The Last Supper (1498)Convent of Sta. Maria
delle Grazie, Milan, Italy www.Wikipedia.org
Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (15031505/1507)Louvre,
Paris, France www.wikipedia.org
14
Da Vinci
A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488)
Institute de France, Paris www.wikipedia.org
Isabella d'Este www.wikipedia.org
15
Architecture
  

• Brunelleschi's dome for the Duomo of Florence,
  Santa Maria del Fiore

www.wikipedia.org
16
Renaissance Writers

• Boccaccio
• Wrote Decameron
• Contained 100 tales that portrayed society in
  14th century Italian States
• Baldassare Castiglione
• Wrote the Book of the Courtier
• Portrayed the desired characteristics of a
  Renaissance man and woman
• How should a woman and man act?
• Renaissance trait of virtu is seen in this work.
  What is virtu?

Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di
Tito www.wikipedia.org
17
Renaissance Writers

• Nicollo Machiavelli
• The Prince
• What is this work about?
• Why did he write it?
• Key Ideas
• Machiavelli justified rule by force rather than
  by law. Accordingly, The Prince seems to justify
  a number of actions done solely to perpetuate
  power.
• Machiavellian thought advocates the ends
  justifying the means.
• It is better to be feared than loved

Raffael Sanzios portrait of Baldassare
Castiglione www.wikipedia.org
18
Women during the Renaissance

• Peasant and Lower Class Women
• Did their status change from the Middle Ages?
• What was marriage based on?
• More young women turned to prostitution than
  during the Middle Ages
• Wealthy women enjoyed more freedoms such as an
  education
• Women were seen as ornaments on her husband's arm
• Women were to make themselves pleasing to men and
  remain pure until marriage
• Men on the other had were encouraged to be
  knowledgeable with women.

19
Women during the Renaissance

• Important Renaissance Women
• Christine de Pisan
• What did she write? Why was it so revolutionary?
• Isabella d Este
• Considered the First Lady of the Renaissance
  Why?

Christine de Pizan presents her book to Queen
Isabeau of Bavaria. www.wikipedia.org
20
Northern Renaissance

• Section 2 The Renaissance Moves North
• Where does it take root?
• What is its focus and how does this differ from
  Italy?
• What goal emerged from the Northern Renaissance?

Bronze statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam. It was
created by Hendrick de Keyser in 1622, replacing
a stone statue of 1557. www.wikipedia.org
21
Flemish Painters

• Flemish Style
• Much more detail than Italian Renaissance art
• Oil paint
• More landscapes portraits
• Jan Van Eyck

Right The Arnolfini Portrait (1434) Left Jan
Van Eyck's La Madone au Chanoine Van der Paele
(1434), www.wikipedia.org
22
Flemish Painters

• Peter Brueghel The Elder

The Corn Harvest - August (1565, Oil on panel)
www.wikipedia.org
The Tower of Babel (1563) oil on
board www.wikipedia.org
23
Northern Humanists

• Sir Thomas More
• Wrote Utopia
• Significance of the work?
• Erasmus
• Used knowledge of classical languages to produce
  a new Greek edition of the New Testament
• Called for the Bible to be printed in the
  vernacular
• Wrote In Praise of Folly
• What is the significance of the this work?
• Who was most influenced by it?

Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 as depicted by Hans
Holbein the Younger www.wikipedia.org
24
Gutenberg's Printing Press

• He developed moveable type
• Effects?

Reproduction of Gutenberg Press at Printing
History Museum in Lyon, France.) www.wikipedia.org

25
Effects of the Renaissance Period

• What are the social effects of the Renaissance?
• Art and architecture of the period have lasting
  effects in regards to technique and style
• Questioning attitude sparked by humanism leads to
  other key events

26
Roots of the Reformation

• Section 3 The Protestant Reformation
• Middle Ages Church increasingly caught in World
  Affairs
• Examples?
• The Renaissance
• What about the Renaissance helped to cause the
  Reformation?

Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 as depicted by Hans
Holbein the Younger www.wikipedia.org
27
Abuses in the Church

• Selling of Indulgences
• It would release the soul from purgatory so it
  could move onto heaven.
• Simony the selling of Church offices
• Pluralism church officials who hold more than
  one office at the same time.
• Clerical Ignorance
• Many priests were untrained in theological
  doctrine or practices and some were illiterate
• Moral Decline of the Papacy
• Pope Alexander VI had many affairs and children
  out of marriage

28
Luthers Protest

• The 95 Thesis
• 1517 Johann Tetzel set up pulpit outside
  Wittenberg Church offered indulgences to anyone
  who would contribute to the building of St.
  Peters in Rome
• In response , What does Luther do?
• What are his arguments?

Luther in 1533 by Lucas Cranach www.wikipedia.org
29
Luther vs. The Church

• The 95 Thesis spread throughout Europe quickly
  Why?
• How does the Church React?
• He engaged in a debate with famed theologian
  Johann Eck in Leipzig in 1520 Why?
• What did Luther deny during the debate?
• How does the Pope react to the debate?
• How does Luther react?

30
The Diet of Worms

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V calls Luther to the
  Diet of Worms to try him as a criminal
• Demands he recant, Luther refuses
• Edict of Worms
• Emperor makes Luther an outlaw but supporters
  help him
• Throughout Germanic states, Luther is seen as a
  hero why?

Luther Before the Diet of Worms, photogravure
after the historicist painting by Anton von
Werner (18431915) in the Staatsgalerie
Stuttgart www.wikipedia.org
31
Luthers Teachings

• Luthers Teachings
• Salvation is achieved through faith alone
• Bible is the sole source of religious truth
• Priesthood of all believers all Christians he
  said had equal access to God through faith and
  the bible
• Translated the bible into German
• Schools for girls and boys
• Rejected 5 of the seven sacraments
• Believed in Consubstantiation of the Eucharist
  during mass
• Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and
  prayers to saints
• Permitted priests to marry
• How do these beliefs differ from Catholic
  Teachings?
• In essence what did Luther remove from his
  religion?

32
Spread of Lutheran Ideas

• Found a home in Germany and Scandinavia 
• It received widespread support
• Germanic Princes
• Why did they like it?

http//wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268
312/art/figures/KISH_13_299.gif by
historyteacher.net
33
The Peasants Revolt

• Causes
• Hope for economic change
• 1524 a peasant revolt across Germany
• What did the rebels want?
• How did Luther react? Why?

34
The Peace of Augsburg

• During the 1530s and 1540s, Emperor Charles V,
  tried to force Lutheran princes back into the
  Roman Catholic Church and under his control
• He had little success so an agreement needed to
  be reached The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• allowed each prince to decide which religion
  would be followed in his lands
• The southern states chose Catholicism and the
  northern states chose Lutheranism

Negotiating the Religious Peace of Augsburg/de
Die Augsburger Friedensgemälde www.wikiedia.org
35
John Calvin

• He was as a priest and lawyer
• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Beliefs
• What are his beliefs?
• How does this differ from Luther?

Anonymous 16th century portrait of Calvin. (Front
cover Cottret, Bernard (2000), www.wikipedia.org
36
Spread of Calvinism

• Calvins Geneva
• Set up a theocracy
• Seemed like a model community due to strict moral
  guidelines
• Issues?
• Believed in religious education for boys and
  girls 
• Spread of Calvinism
• Rooted in Germany, France, Netherlands, England
  and Scotland
• French Protestants called Huguenots will be
  persecuted during the French Wars of religion. 

37
Spread of The Reformation

• Section 4 The Reformation Spreads
• Hundreds of new protestant sects sprang up
• Some sects wanted radical change like abolishing
  private property
• Others called for a separation of church and
  state
• Anabaptists did not believe in infant baptism
• Radical Anabaptists took over the city in Munster
  
• Luther advised people to suppressed the threat

38
The English Reformation

• Henry VIII Tudor was a devout Catholic
• was dubbed by the pope Defender of the Faith
  for denouncing Luther
• 1527 Why does he break with the Church?
• Why does the Pope not agree to his demands?

Portrait of Henry VIII after Hans Holbein the
Younger, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. www.wikipe
dia.org
39
The Break With Rome

• Acting thru parliament Henry passed the Act of
  Supremacy
• made Henry the only supreme head on earth of the
  Church of England
• All citizens had to take an oath of loyalty to
  Henry and acknowledge him as head of the English
  Church
• Sir Thomas More who was later canonized, was
  executed for not taking an oath of loyalty

40
The Church of England

• How did the English Church differ from the
  Catholic church?
• What did Henry do was head of the English Church?

41
Henrys Children

• Catherines daughter Mary Tudor will reign as a
  ferverent Catholic Monarch
• Henry married Anne Boleyn after he broke from the
  Church and divorced Catherine.
• Anne only bore him another daughter, Elizabeth
• Anne was later charged with incest, treason, and
  witchcraft and beheaded
• His third wife Jane Seymour would bear him a son,
  Edward, who would ascend to the throne at 10 but
  die later in his teens

Edward VI of England c. 1546 SourceScanned from
Hearn, Karen, ed. Dynasties Painting in Tudor
and Jacobean England 1530-1630. New York
Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
42
Religious Turmoil

• Edward VI
• parliament passed new protestant laws
• Book of Common prayer by Thomas Cramner
• moderate protestant service keeping catholic
  doctrine
• Mary Tudor
• Persecuted protestants under reign giving her the
  title Bloody Mary
• She married Philip of Spain but bore him no
  children

Anthonis Mor (c. 1520-1576/1578)TitleMary Tudor,
Queen of England, second wife of Felipe II Year
1554 www.wikipedia.org
43
Peace Under Elizabeth I

• Elizabethan Settlement
• Required people conform to the Church of England,
  but people could worship their religions
  privately
• Restored book of common prayer and reaffirmed
  that she was the head of the church of England
• In 1563 The Thirty Nine Articles defined the
  creed of the Anglican Church
• Elizabeth made England a firmly protestant nation

The "Darnley Portrait" of Elizabeth I of England,
oil on panel, 113 x 78.7 cm, National Portrait
Gallery, London (NPG 2082). c.1575 SourceScanned
from Tranya Cooper, A Guide to Tudor Jacobean
Portraits, London, National Portrait Gallery,
2008, ISBN 9781855143937 by PKM 31 August
2008 www.wikipedia.org
44
The Catholic Reformation

• The goal of the Counter Reformation was to end
  church corruption and reunite the divided
  Christian community

45
Council of Trent

• Called in 1545 by Pope Paul III lasted for
  almost 20 years
• Why did the pope call this council?
• What changes did it make (or not make?)

Council of Trent in Santa Maria Maggiore church,
Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Trento (Italy)Date
late 17th century SourceStaatliches Hochbauamt
Donauwörth, Museo Diocesano Tridentino,
Heiligenlexikon transfered from de Wikipedia
46
The Jesuits

• New religious order created known as the Society
  of Jesus by Ignatious of Loyola
• What is its goal?
• Where will this order do the most work?

47
The Inquistion

• Jesuits oversaw the persecution of heretics,
  Muslims and Jews in Spain and Italian states.
• Used secret testimony torture and execution to
  root out heresy

Francisco de Goya The Inquisition Tribunal
Year1812-19 www.wikipedia.org
48
Results of the Catholic Reformation

• Was the Counter Reformation successful?

49
Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• The religious unity of Western European
  Christianity was destroyed
• Abuses in the Roman Catholic Church were curbed
• Wars of religions erupted in Western Europe for
  over a century
• Appreciation for the Church and religious piety
  was re egnighted throughout Western Europe
• European Witch Hunts

50
Jews and the Reformation

• Italian states allowed Jews to remain but
  strongly pushed for them to convert
• Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing Jews of
  killing Jesus and ordered the placing of Jews
  into Ghettoes in the papal states
• Increased Anti-Semitism as a result
• restrictions on Jews increased
• In some places synagogues were burned as well as
  torahs
• Some were requited to wear a yellow star if they
  were to leave the ghetto
• Most migrated to Poland and Lithuania to escape
  the restrictions and persecutions.
• These places Jewish populations will lose the
  largest numbers during the Holocaust in the 1930s
  and 1940s 

51
Review Questions

• What caused the Protestant Reformation?
• How did the Reformation affect politics in
  Europe?
• Was the Reformation successful?
• How did the Roman Catholic Church react to the
  ideas of the Reformation?
• What were the positive and negative effects of
  the Counter-Reformation?

52
Section 5 The Scientific Revolution

• It was a period where man began to question the
  laws that govern nature to question what has
  always been taught by the Church.
• Causes

53
Changing Views of the Universe

• 1500s accepted theory of Greek astronomer Ptolemy
• Earth was the center of the universe
• Accepted b/c it matched the teachings of he
  church
• A Revolutionary Theory
• Copernicus
• 1543 On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
• What were his ideas?

54
Other Discoveries

• Tycho Brahe Danish Astronomer provided evidence
  to support Copernicus theory
• How?
• Kepler used Brahaes data to calculate the orbits
  of the planets revolving around the sun
• How did Kepler continue to proved heliocentrism?
• Galileo
• Assembled an astronomical telescope which could
  prove Heliocentrism
• How did the church react?

55
A New Scientific Method

• A Step by Step Process to collect and accurately
  measure data to prove a theory
• Scientific Method
• Hypothesis
• Observation and experimentation
• Bacon and Descartes
• Both rejected Aristotles scientific assumptions
• Sought to make the physical world fit in with
  teachings of the church
• Bacon stressed experimentation and observation
• Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best
  road to understanding
• Discourse on Method I think, therefore I am

56
Sir Issac Newton

• What were his ideas?

57
Other Scientific Advancements

• Chemistry
• 1600 Robert Boyle
• Distinguished between individual elements and
  chemical compounds
• Effect of temperature and pressure on gasses
• Medicine Andreas Vesalius
• On the Structure of the Human Boyd
• The first accurate and detailed study of human
  anatomy
• William Harvey
• Described the circulation of blood and role of
  the heart
• Leeuwenhoek first microscope

58
Effects of the Scientific Revolution

• Led to the Enlightenment
• Improvements in medical Knowledge
• Church becomes even more hostile towards science