Historical Review of Industrial Microbiology

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Historical Review of Industrial Microbiology
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Historical periods of microbial biotechnology
(Johnson, M. J. 1971 Glazer, A. N. H. Nikaido.
1995.)

• Pre-Pasteur period from the beginning of time up
  to about 1860
• The pre-recombinant DNA era through 1981
• The post-recombinant DNA era from 1982 onward

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The historical events of microbial biotechnology

• Prehistoric period
• The Revival and the Industrial Revolution
• The birth of microbial industry
• Manufacture of penicillin
• The exploit of microbial industry
• The dawn of new microbial biotechnology
• The exploit of new microbial biotechnology
• The new impact

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Prehistoric period

• Proving bread with leaven
• Preservation of milk (yogurt)
• Cheese production
• Fermentation of juices to alcoholic beverages
  (wine)
• Manufacture of fermented foods, such as kraut,
  pickles, soy sauce, sourdough bread, beer. . .

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The Revival and the Industrial Revolution - 1

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Visualization of
  bacteria, yeasts, and protozoa using microscopes
  (1674 1723)
• Edward Jenner Development of the first vaccine
  for treating smallpox (1797)

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The Revival and the Industrial Revolution - 2

• Louis Pasteur Robert Koch -1
• 1857 Demonstrating yeasts were responsible
  for the production of alcohol and the rod-shaped
  bacteria produced the lactic acid that caused the
  wine to sour demonstrating the souring of milk
  was caused by the action of microorganisms
  (Pasteur)
• 1860 Invented pasteurization (Pasteur)
• 1873 1876 Investigated anthrax developed
  techniques to view, grow, and stain
  microorganisms (Koch)
• 1879 Grew weakened strains of microorganisms
  that could not cause disease but protected
  against severe forms of the same disease (Pasteur)

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The Revival and the Industrial Revolution - 3

• Louis Pasteur Robert Koch -2
• 1882 Identified the TB organism, the first
  uncovered cause of a human microbial disease
  (Robert Koch)
• 1882 Used Kochs work to produce a vaccine
  against anthrax (Louis Pasteur)
• 1884 1885 Developed a rabies vaccine and
  took the first human trials (Louis Pasteur)
• Büchner
• Demonstrated that enzymes extracted from yeast
  are effective in converting sugar into alcohol
  (1897)

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The birth of microbial industry

• 1860 to 1900 Production of lactic acid
  Anaerobic fermentor used to grow bakers yeast
  was changed to aerated fermentor
• 1915 to 1916 Fermentative production of
  glycerol, butanol and acetone in Germany
• ca. 1920 Manufacture of citric acid in a surface
  process
• ca. 1920 Invented activated sludge process and
  aerobic production of yeast with continuous sugar
  addition
• 19201940 sorbose production (D-sorbitol?L-sorbos
  e)

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Manufacture of penicillin

• 19281929 Noticed the inhibition of growth of
  bacteria (Staphylococcus) by fungi (Penicillium)
  (Alexander Fleming)
• 19381940 Isolated the antimicrobial agent
  penicillin (Howard Florey and Ernst Chain)
• 19301940 the invention of agitated and aerated
  fermentor, the shake flask, and the sterilization
  of air with fibrous filters
• 1940 1945 Establishment of large-scale
  production of penicillin in USA (submerged liquid
  culture, aerobic, filamentous fungus, secondary
  metabolite

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The exploit of microbial industry

• 1944 Streptomycin from Streptomyces
• 1949 Vitamin B12
• 1950s Manufacture of cortisone
  (11-hydroxylation)
• 1956 Manufacture of glutamic acid in Japan
• 1959 Manufacture of 5-IMP and 5-GMP (enzymatic
  hydrolysis of yeast RNA)
• 1965 Microbial rennin (for cheese)
• 1967 Production of fructose by glucose isomerase
• 1969 L-amino acid by immobilized enzyme
• 1970 Single cell protein (yeasts and bacteria)
  from gas oil and n-paraffin by continuous
  fermentation
• 1970s Gibberellins, enzyme inhibitors, Bt-toxin
  (Bacillus thuringiensis)

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The dawn of new microbial biotechnology - 1

• 1972 Created the first recombinant DNA molecule
  (Paul Berg)
• 1973 Produced the first recombinant DNA organism
  (Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang, and Herbert Boyer)
• 1974 Showed that DNA can be cut with restriction
  enzymes and reproduced by inserting a recombinant
  DNA into Escherichia coli (Stanley Cohen and
  Herbert Boyer)
• 1976 Founded Genentech, Inc., a biotechnology
  company dedicated to developing and marketing
  products based on recombinant DNA technology
  (Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson)

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The dawn of new microbial biotechnology - 2

• 1977 Reported the production of the first human
  protein (somatostatin) manufactured in a bacteria
  by Genentech, Inc.
• 1978 Announced the successful laboratory
  production of human insulin in E. coli
  (Genentech, Inc)
• 1980 The U. S. Supreme Court ruled in the
  Chakrabarty case that genetically altered life
  forms can be patented.
• 1982 Received approval from the Food and Drug
  Administration to market genetically engineered
  human insulin (Genentech, Inc)

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The exploit of new microbial biotechnology

• 1986 Beginning the production of amino acid by
  genetically engineered bacteria in Japan
• 1987 Conducted a field trial of a recombinant
  organism, a frost inhibitor, on a Contra Costa
  County strawberry patch. (Advanced Genetic
  Sciences, Inc.)
• 1994 Completed the worlds first large-scale
  trials of cheeses made with rennin produced by
  genetically engineered bacteria in the 1980s
  (Genencor Inc.)

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The new impact

• 1995 A team used a new approach called whole
  genome shotgun sequencing to sequence the 1,749
  genes (1,830,137 base pairs) of a bacterium in
  less than a year. This is the first complete
  genetic map of a free-living organism.

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References

• Glazer, A. N. and H. Nikaido. 1995. Microbial
  biotechnology fundamentals of applied
  microbiology. W. H. Freeman and Company.
• Johnson, M. J. 1971. Fermentation yesterday and
  tomorrow. Chem. Tech., 1 338-341.

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• ????????????????????????(1) Louis Pasteur, (2)
  Alexander Fleming, (3) Stanley Cohen and Herbert
  Boyer
• ????????????????????? (1) Establishment of
  large-scale production of penicillin, (2)
  Genentech, Inc. received approval from the Food
  and Drug Administration to market genetically
  engineered human insulin, (3) The U. S. Supreme
  Court ruled in the Chakrabarty case that
  genetically altered life forms can be patented