E-Government - Tutorial -

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E-Government- Tutorial -

• Reengineering of the Government
• Services and Solutions

Authors
Jasmina Pilipovic, jasminap_at_beotel.yu Prof. Dr.
Miodrag Ivkovic, misa_at_mnt.bg.ac.yu Prof. Dr.
Dragan Domazet Prof. Dr. Veljko Milutinovic,
vm_at_etf.bg.ac.yu
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What Will You Learn From This Tutorial?

• PART ONE
• INTRODUCTION
• What is E-government

• TECHNICAL ASPECTS
• The infrastructure of E-government
• DIGITAL GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS
• Some examples that could be implemented

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What Will You Learn From This Tutorial?

• PART TWO
• ENCRYPTION
• DSA, RSA, Digital Signature

• SECURITY TODAY
• Digital Certificates, SSL

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What Will You Learn From This Tutorial?

• PART THREE
• SOME EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES IN THE FIELD
• Other Governments experiences, University research

• STRATEGY PLANNING
• Planning of E-government

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Part One
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Introduction to E-Government

• Digital technologies are fundamentally
  transforming our economy and society,
• and have potentials for transforming
• the Government

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Introduction

• E-government - the transformation of internal and
  external
• business processes toward customer-centricity
• based upon service delivery opportunities
• offered by new communication technologies.

• It is connecting Citizens, Suppliers, Employees,
• and other agencies securely using

• The technologies of the Internet
• The standards of the Internet
• The public Internet
• Private intranets

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Introduction

• Information and service delivery
• Whenever
• Whatever
• Wherever

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Introduction

• E-government in the use of

• Government itself (communication, services,
  information)
• Employees (advertising, education, instructing)
• Businesses (supplying, information, services)
• Citizens (online services, digital democracy)

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Introduction

• Benefits
• Efficiency
• Comfort
• Cost savings
• Progress
• Permanency
• Reduced redundancy

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Technical Aspects
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Technical Aspects

• Designing and developing E-government
• brings us a set of both technical and legal
• difficulties to overcome

• The complexity of E-government architecture
• will be presented with a model,
• consisting of several segments

• Sub-infrastructures
• Legal and political constrains
• Standards and protocols of networking
• Applications

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Technical Aspects
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Technical Aspects

• Network infrastructure

• Multiple networks connected together
• Various hardware technologies
• Various underlying communication technologies
• Information superhighway

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Technical Aspects

• Network publishing

• Ability to present text, images, video, and
  audio contents
• Various tools and languages for designing
• Client/server architecture
• Static and dynamic contents of WWW

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Technical Aspects

• Message and information delivery

• Search engines and algorithms
• Delivery of both unstructured and structured data
• Unstructured delivery via faxes and e-mails
• Automatic interchange of structured information
• Error and control handling

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Technical Aspects

• Operating infrastructure

• Privacy
• Governments need to protect citizens privacy
• Problem of involuntarily provided information

• Security
• Protection of data - stored and during
  transaction

• Authentication
• The identity of parties in a transaction is
  verified

• Confidentiality
• No eavesdrop on the transaction in progress

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Technical Aspects

• Monetary system

The most widely used way of purchasingover the
Internet is Credit Card Electronic Cash is
informational equivalent of physical bank notes
and coins Electronic Cash can offer such
benefits as anonymity of the buyer global
acceptance Credit Card will be dominant for
at least the next few years.
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Technical Aspects

• Digital government applications

• Classes G2G, G2E, G2B, B2G, G2C, C2G
• Online services for citizens and businesses
• Intergovernmental and employees communication,
  managing digital documentation
• Government intranet as basic communicational,
  informational, and organizational tool

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Technical Aspects

• Legislative and official politics
• Introducing digital era
• into conducting governmental and commercial
  tasks
• is opening an important question
• considering legal protection and obligations

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Technical Aspects

• Major risks

• Exterior and inside attacks and misusage
• Electronic espionage and sabotage
• E-war
• Endangering rights and freedoms of citizens
• Corruption and organized crime
• Economical and financial malversations
• Intellectual property
• Monopolization in managing government affairs

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Technical Aspects

• Technical standards and network protocols

• TCP/IP as the network protocol
• SMTP and IMAP for mail transport
• LDAP for Directory services
• HTTP for delivery of client transactions and
  information

• Agencies participating in E-government
• should continually monitor
• the development and implementation
• of emerging standards

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Digital Government Applications
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Digital Government Applications

• Hundreds of applications that could be developed
• to allow businesses, citizens, and other
  governments
• to interact with the Government digitally.

• There are at least four distinct aspects of
  digital government
• Information gathering
• Interactive service delivery
• Online supplying
• Digital democracy

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Digital Government Applications

• Information gathering

• Citizens could have an insight on various types
  of information, such as
• Government services, agencies, and employees
• Event calendars, statistics, news
• Flight and train schedules
• Useful links

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Digital Government Applications

• Information dissemination problem

• Need for standardized information tagging system
• Expanding the amount of accessible information
• Develop expert systems to access information
• Make the Web the first place to put information,
  not the last

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Digital Government Applications

• Interactive service delivery

• Issuing permits and licenses, as well as renewing
  them
• Businesses and individuals could file tax returns
  directly, at no cost
• Companies could file environmental compliance
  forms online
• Individuals could apply for Social Security
  benefits online
• Paying tickets, bills, memberships,...

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Digital Government Applications

• Problems

• Expand and standardize the number of
  applications for online forms
• Whenever possible use Web based technology
• Online forms should use shared information about
  the submitter
• Integrate forms
• Focus on intergovernmental solutions

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Digital Government Applications

• Online supplying

• Number of items citizens and business partners
  can purchase online
• With E-commerce countries can move to the center
  of the virtual geography
• Collaboration with distributors and suppliers on
  scheduling
• Forecasting, and just-in-time replenishment of
  supplies

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Digital Government Applications

• Digital democracy

• Communication between citizens and authorities
• Access to reports, plans, and memorandums
• Chat rooms
• Communication between government employees

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End of Part One
Authors
Jasmina Pilipovic, jasminap_at_beotel.yu Prof. Dr.
Miodrag Ivkovic, misa_at_mnt.bg.ac.yu Prof. Dr.
Dragan Domazet Prof. Dr. Veljko Milutinovic,
vm_at_etf.bg.ac.yu
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Part Two
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Encryption
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Encryption

• Encryption techniques

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Encryption

• Secret-key encryption
• Shannon confusion and diffusion
• Uniform encryption (module arithmetic)
• One-time pad (random key generation)
• DES (Data Encryption Standard)IBM National
  Bureau of Standards, 1977

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Encryption

• Public-key encryption
• Substitution ciphering with two keys private and
  public

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Encryption

• RSA algorithm (Rivest, Shamir Adleman, 1977)
• public key K P Q, P and Q are very long
  numbers
• private key K (2 (P -1) (Q - 1) 1) / 3
• encrypting Ci (Fi t) mod K
• decrypting Fi (Ci K) mod K

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Encryption

• Example P 7151 Q 13259
• K 7151 13259 94815109
• K (2 7150 13258 1) / 3 63196467
• Message MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB
• ASCII REPRESENTATION 77 65 82 89 32 72 65 68
  32
• 65 32 76 73 84 84 76 69 32
• 76 65 77 66 46 00
• for t 3 C1 (776582 3) mod 94815109
  71611947
• D1 (71611947 63196467) mod 94815109 776582
  (!!!)

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Encryption

• Digital signature
• Origin authentication
• Data-integrity authentication
• Non-repudiation

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Encryption

• Digital signature
• Authentication check

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Security Today
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Security Today

• Digital Certificates
• Strong binding between the public key and some
  attribute
• Help someone receiving a message decide whether
  the message, the key and the sender's name are
  what they appear to be
• An electronic file that uniquely identifies
  communication entities on the Internet
• Issued and signed by the Certification authority

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Security Today

• De-facto standard for digital certification is
  ITU-T recommendation X.509
• Certification Authority (CA) (issues
  certificates)
• Subscribers (CA Clients)
• Users (the public in general)

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Security Today

• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
• A protocol designed to work at the socket layer,
  to protect any higher level protocol built on
  sockets, such as telnet, ftp, or HTTP

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Security Today

• SSL protocol is composed of two layers
• The Record Layer
• Connection security using data encryption with
  symmetric cryptography and message integrity
  check
• For every SSL session we create a randomly
  generated temporary master key

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Security Today

• The Handshake Layer

CLIENT-HELLO (information on the cryptographic
systems it is willing or able to support)
SERVER-HELLO (connection id, its key
certificate, and information about the
cryptosystems it supports)
verifies the server's public key, and responds
with a CLIENT-MASTER-KEY message
CLIENT-FINISHED message
SERVER-VERIFY message
REQUEST-CERTIFICATE
CLIENT-CERTIFICATE
SERVER-FINISH
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End of Part Two
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Part Three
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Experience In The Field
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Experience In The Field

• Early stage in the shift to government online
• The use of Internet is increasing each year

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Experience In The Field

• E-government relays not only on Internet
  delivery, but telephone, digital TV, and kiosk
  delivery as well

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Experience In The Field

• New Zealand
• Critical issues
• Leadership
• Strategy
• Governance
• Integration
• Resourcing
• Ensuring a focus on citizens
• Avoiding the digital divide
• Reskilling government
• The need for communication.

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Experience In The Field

• September the 28th, 1999
• By the year 2005
• Electronically registering with central
  government
• Transacting all dealings with IRD online
• All government forms and all services available
  online
• People to have their say in the policy-making
  process
• Authorized accessing records of a persons health
  information
• Electronically posting transactions and receiving
  documentation
• Recording change of address

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Experience In The Field

• The United States
• Week integration across federal services or
  between states and federal government
• Lack of reliable authentication services no
  paper ID card
• Digital divide is one of the major barriers

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Experience In The Field

• New York States major projects
• Establishing a statewide IP network
• Implementing a comprehensive plan
• Restructuring the states data centers
• Best Practices sessions
• Statewide legislation
• Cooperation with local governments
• Reviewing all purchases of technology
• Participating in projects.

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Experience In The Field

• Australia
• Federal initiative was to deliver all
  Commonwealth services electronically via the
  Internet by 2001
• In 1999, over 18 of all households had home
  Internet access (79 of that in major cities),
  and still made Australia one of the most wired
  countries in the world
• One of the first e-government programs was
  Multimedia Victoria (MMV) in Victoria with
  initial strategy document in 1995

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Experience In The Field

• Australia
• The government is also derived into channels
  business, land, health channel, etc.
• Setting up an application costs betweenA100k
  and A200k
• Service providers are charged 80 cents to 2 per
  transaction.

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Experience In The Field

• United Kingdom
• In 1999, UK published its White
  PaperModernizing Government
• Electronic Procurement (making 90 of low-value
  government procurement electronic by April
  2001)
• Government Business Processes (equivalence to
  written and digital documents)
• Service and Information Delivery (25 by 2001,
  50 by 2005, and 100 by 2008)

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Experience In The Field

• Use of the internet is not as high as in
  Scandinavia, the US, or Australia.
• The tax system is very complicated
• No single, integrated national database to be
  used to roll out ESD
• Opening of e-libraries and placing computers in
  schools and neighborhoods
• Number of statutes in the UK that prevent data
  gathered for one purpose to be used for another,
  and the access to the data is seriously limited

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Experience In The Field

• Ontario, Canada
• In 1998, an Information Information Strategy
  was released
• Too many IT systems with poor evidence of
  integration among agencies and weak links to the
  broader public sector

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Experience In The Field

• Used technology was incompatible and variety of
  networks made it difficult to implement systems
  across government
• Seven IT clusters were introduced
  Resource/land Economics/business Human
  Services Justices Community Services
  Transportation Finance.

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Strategy Planning
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Strategy Planning

• Elements of a business case
• The following diagram illustrates some
  recommended steps in the development of a
  business case for government e-commerce
  initiatives

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Strategy Planning

• A list of topics that pertains to public
  e-commerce projects

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Strategy Planning

• Planning of E-government is characterized with
  complexity and deep impact on society
• Issue Driven Planning (IDS)

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Strategy Planning

• Planning issues important for successful
  development
• Motivation
• Budget
• Result measuring
• Development competency
• Contract and project managing
• Best practice
• Relationship managing
• Technology

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Strategy Planning

• Planning steps
• Executive appointment
• E-government vision
• Global plan definition
• Stage I - Strategy (what should be done)
• Stage II - Competency (what could be done)
• Stage III - Implementation (what will be done)

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Strategy Planning

• Strategy planning should start with a meeting

Classification (G2C, G2B, G2E, G2G) Project
priority outcome Project interoperability Timing
schedules Alternative resources selection
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Strategy Planning

• Competency planning - Users and Government
• Users competency
• Need for eye-to-eye contact
• Cultural and language restrictions
• Handicaps
• Economical status
• Geographical limitations
• Need for education

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Strategy Planning

• E-government competency
• Leader competency
• Regulatory restrictions
• Handling with digital records
• Privacy and Security
• Central Authority (CIO - Chief Information
  Officer)
• strategic support
• technical support

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Strategy Planning

• Implementation planning

Effects
Approach
Time
Economical Analysis Budget Evaluation Timing and
Resources Schedules Marketing Plan
Integration
Projects
Priorities
Profits
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End of Part Three
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The End
Authors
Jasmina Pilipovic, jasminap_at_beotel.yu Prof. Dr.
Miodrag Ivkovic, misa_at_mnt.bg.ac.yu Prof. Dr.
Dragan Domazet Prof. Dr. Veljko Milutinovic,
vm_at_etf.bg.ac.yu