How Did We Make This Chart?

1
How Did We Make This Chart?
Extant
Plants
Land!
Multicellular
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis
First Eukaryotes
Extinct
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with Prokaryotes only
Origin of Life
Original Cell
2
The Plant Kingdom Clade
Chlorophytagreen algae Hepaticophytaliverworts A
nthocerotophytahornworts Bryophytamosses Lycophy
taclub mosses Sphenophytahorsetails Pterophytaf
erns Cycadophytacycads Ginkgophytaginkgo Conifer
ophytaconifers Gnetophytawelwitschia
etc. Anthophytaflowering plants
unique flagellum, phycoplast
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespot oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata
embryo, cuticle, apical growth
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
stomata
true vascular, branching
heterospory
true root, true leaf
monopodial branching
heterospory
heterospory
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
-flagella
vessels
reduced gametophyte flowers, fruits
3
How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics

• Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
• Characters-Attributes of the organism
• Anatomy
• Morphology
• Development
• Physiology
• Macromolecule Sequences
• Polarizing Character States
• Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
• Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
• Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
• Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
• Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

4
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
1. Petals
2. Petals
3. Petals
4. Petals
5. Sepals
5
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
6
ABCDE
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
7
BCDE
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
8
CDE
1
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
9
CDE
Problem Sepals would be naturally next, but this
will not resolve easily!
1
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
10
DE
5
Solution 1 Could evolve sepals twice on lines to
B and C a homoplasy!
5
1
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
11
DE
Solution 2 Could evolve sepals once before B and
reverse it after C a more biological
parsimonious homoplasy!
5R
1
5
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
12
3
5R
Problem Taxa are not arranged by complexity
1
5
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
13
3
5R
Problem It is more parsimonious if homoplasy is
for a simple character.
1
5
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
14
1R
3
5
Solution Look to make homoplasy in pigmentation
or a growth character.
1
4
2
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
OG
A
B
C
D
E
Total
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
15
OG A E D
C B
3 Pointed Petals
1 GrayR
5 Sepals Present
1 Gray Petals
4 Long Petals
This cladogram has six steps and one reversal
homoplasy in a simple character
2 Six Petals
16
Phylogeny Flowers
Character Apomorphic State
This cladogram has fifteen steps and ten
homoplasies! Special creation is not parsimonious.
OG
A
B
C
D
E
1. Petals Gray
0
0
0
1
1
1
2. Petals Six
0
1
1
1
1
1
3. Petals Pointed
0
0
0
0
1
0
4. Petals Long
0
0
1
1
1
1
5. Sepals Present
0
0
1
1
0
0