MINERALS: Building Blocks of the Planet

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EARTH STUDIES Geosciences 1000
MINERALS Building Blocks of the Planet Chapter
2 Silicate Structures
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ACCORDING TO MOHS HARDNESS SCALE, ORTHOCLASE HAS
A HARDNESS OF

1. 8
2. 5
3. 6
4. 3

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82.4
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• Very Common
• 95 of All Minerals
• Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) bond Easily

SILICATES Minerals Containing Silicon and Oxygen
O
Si
SINGLE SILICA TETRAHEDRON
SiO4
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Sizes and Charges of the Sixteen Most Common
Elements
Ions of Similar Charge Size Can Easily
Substitute for Each Other
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TRUEorFALSE

• OXYGEN (O) CAN EASILY SUBSTITUTE FOR
• SODIUM (Na)

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ROCK FORMING SILICATES
FERROMAGNESIANS (Dark Silicates) Olivine Augi
te (Pyroxene) Hornblende (Amphibole) Biotite
(Mica)
NON-FERROMAGNESIANS (Light
Silicates) Plagioclase (Feldspar) Orthoclase
(Feldspar) Muscovite (Mica) Quartz (Only SiO2)
Feldspars are the most common Silicate in the
Earths Crust - approximately 60
Common Mineral Characteristics

• Dark Colored
• Contain Significant
• Iron (Fe) and
• Magnesium (Mg)
• - High Specific Gravity

• Light Colored
• Contain Minor to No
• Iron (Fe) and
• Magnesium (Mg)
• - Low Specific Gravity

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Bowens Reaction Series
OLIVINE
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OLIVINE IS A DARK COLORED AND RELATIVELY DENSE
MINERAL. THIS IS BECAUSE IT IS A

1. NON-FERROMAGNESIAN MINERAL
2. FERROMAGNESIAN MINERAL
3. A NON-SILICATE MINERAL
4. NONE OF THE ABOVE

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Bowens Reaction Series
AUGITE SINGLE CHAIN
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Bowens Reaction Series
HORNBLENDE DOUBLE CHAIN
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SILICATE STRUCTURE CONTROLS CLEAVAGE
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Bowens Reaction Series
BIOTITE SHEETS
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Bowens Reaction Series
Ca RICH PLAGIOCLASE
Na RICH FELDSPAR
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Sizes and Charges of the Sixteen Most Common
Elements
Ions of Similar Charge Size Can Easily
Substitute for Each Other
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Bowens Reaction Series
ORTHOCLASE
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TRUE or FALSE

• THE POTASIUM RICH FELDESPAR ORTHOCLASE IS NOT
  PART OF THE CALCIUM/SODIUM FELDSPAR SOLID
  SOLUTION SERIES

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Bowens Reaction Series
MUSCOVITE SHEETS
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Bowens Reaction Series
QUARTZ
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STUDY GUIDES
BOWENS REACTION SERIES
SILICATE STRUCTURES
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ACCORDING TO BOWAN'S REACTION SERIES

1. QUARTZ IS THE LAST MINERAL TO CRYSTALIZE FROM A
   MELT
2. QUARTZ HAS THE LOWEST MELTING TEMPERATURE
3. QUARTZ CONTAINS NO IRON OR MAGNESIUM
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE

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EARTH STUDIES Geosciences 1000
MINERALS Building Blocks of the Planet Chapter
2 Silicate Structures