Power / Energy

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Power / Energy Management
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Background         USA has 6 of worlds
population - Uses 33 of energy consumed        
In 1946 we used 301015 BTU         In 1980 we
used 901015 BTU (Industry used 36 of
this)         In 1990 we used 1201015
BTU         Since the 1970's Companies have
associated Energy Conservation with Cost
Reductions 1.     Lucent - Since 1980 9 per
year growth with -2 per year energy costs
(savings) 2.     TRW - Between 1972-78, Energy
cost down 19
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Do An Energy Audit on Plant to Determine Areas to
Save Energy
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Energy Audit Compile Energy Data About Each
Building Zone
Start Energy Savings Actions in Highest Cost Zone
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From Highest Cost Zones First
See Below For Types of Action Steps
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Utility Rates         Commercial - usually
highest         Residential         Government
- usually lowest
Rates Consist of 1.      Energy Charge 2.     
Fuel Adjustment Charge 3.      Taxes 4.     
Demand Charge 5.      Power Factor Penalty
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Customer Type
KWH Used
Meter Reading
Demand Charge
Power Factor
Fuel Adj.
Energy Charge (- Demand)
Tax
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Energy Charge
 
Rate is dependent on         Commercial,
residential Government         Time of Day (Peak
Demand Periods)         Total Amount Used (get
break after use a predetermined amount)
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Ways to reduce these costs         Run on off
peak times         Energy storage in off peak
times         Energy Audit         Computer
controlled "Alternative load-control" Computer
control systems or zones help to eliminate peak
use and optimize power use thus reducing costs.
Control Diagram on Next Slide
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1Demand Charges (Item "a" on the bill) This is
a payment to the utility for their ability to
supply customer's peak requirements. This can be
as much as 40-45 of the bill. They measure the
highest use during some period (usually a 1/2
hour period) then bill upon this highest use.
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Demand Charges Ways to reduce these
costs         Make peak loads during
"off-peak-load hours"         Shed peak
loads         Balance power loading (with
computer control)         Produce your own power
during peak  
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. Power Factor Penalty (Item "b" on the
bill) Power factor is the ratio of real power to
apparent power or kW/kVA, where kW or kilowatts
are measured with a wattmeter and kVA or
kilovolt-amperes are measured with a voltmeter
and ammeter. A power factor of one or unity is
ideal. A power factor of less than one means
that a portion of the current being drawn through
the power lines is not actually being used by the
machinery to produce work.
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Ways to reduce these costs         Decrease
reactance in secondary a)      Smaller loop in
secondary b)      Less magnetic material within
loop         Install series capacitors on
machines or shunt capacitors in plant        
Use 3 phase machines wherever practicable