The chrysanthemum and the sword; patterns of Japanese culture by Ruth Benedict

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The definition of Orientalism

• Said14 (1978) argued that European culture gained
  in strength and identity by setting itself of
  against the Orient as a sort of surrogate and
  even underground self, defining Orientalism as a
  Western style for dominating, restructuring, and
  having authority over the Orient. He presented
  the important hypothesis in his book,
  Orientalism, that without examining Orientalism
  as a discourse one cannot possibly understand the
  enormously systematic discipline by which
  European culture was able to manage--and even
  produce--the Orient (Said, 1978).

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Orientalism by Edward Said ?

• Saids Orientalism can be a critical tool to
  examine the validity of all the literature on the
  East written by the Westerners. Influenced by
  the imperialism and colonialism of the 19th
  century, Western people became interested in the
  natives and the cultures of Western colonies.
• This led to the advent of anthropology as
  related to Darwinian Evolutionism12 and Hegelian
  Progressivism in The Philosophy of History.13
  Exponents of evolutionism believed that culture
  generally develops and evolves from primitive
  stages into advanced ones. (Nakamura, 1998)

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Orientalism by Edward Said ?

• People who supported the Hegelian progressive
  view of history believed that history is not
  meaningless chance, but a rational process and
  transition from the ancient Oriental world
  through classical Greece and Rome and the Middle
  Ages to the modern German world.
• These people are supporters of a Western-centered
  linear theory of history and culture based on a
  developmental dialectic. This theory led to the
  Western-centered view of non-Western cultures as
  inferior to Western cultures. This view was to
  be criticized by Edward Said in his work on
  Orientalism in the late 20th century.
  (Nakamura, 1998)

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Saids Conviction

• Said (1981) emphasizes the following point
•  Underlying every interpretation of other
  cultures is the choice facing the individual
  scholar or intellectual whether to put intellect
  at the service of power or at the service of
  criticism, communities, and moral sense.16
•  To use Said's phrase, Benedict faces the
  conflict whether to put her intellect at the
  service of the American power as an Orientalist
  or at the service of an understanding of Japanese
  cultural identity as a relativist. (Nakamura,
  1998).

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The Voice from Edward Saidat Cairo University in
2003

• You cannot deal with others without profound
• knowledge of his or her culture, society and
  history.
• ???????????????????
• Force never works, because you can never destroys
  the will of people and the power of people.
• ?????????????????????
• Idea is equality, coexistence and sustainable
  life.
• ?????????????????????????
• The present is our battle ground and knowledge is
  our main weapons.
• ????????????????
• (Edward Said2003)

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The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel P.
Huntington

• In the longer term other measures would be called
  for. Western civilization is both Western and
  modern. Non-Western civilizations have attempted
  to become modern without becoming Western. To
  date only Japan has fully succeeded in this
  quest. Non-Western civilization will continue to
  attempt to acquire the wealth, technology,
  skills, machines and weapons that are part of
  being modern. They will also attempt to reconcile
  this modernity with their traditional culture and
  values. Their economic and military strength
  relative to the West will increase. Hence the
  West will increasingly have to accommodate these
  non-Western modern civilizations whose power
  approaches that of the West but whose values and
  interests differ significantly from those of the
  West. This will require the West to maintain the
  economic and military power necessary to protect
  its interests in relation to these civilizations.
  
• Concluding paragraph of Foreign Affairs
  Summer 1993 by Huntington

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The Clash of Civilizations ? by Samuel P.
Huntington

• It will also, however, require the West to
  develop a more profound understanding of the
  basic religious and philosophical assumptions
  underlying other civilizations and the ways in
  which people in those civilizations see their
  interests. It will require an effort to identify
  elements of commonality between Western and other
  civilizations. For the relevant future, there
  will be no universal civilization, but instead a
  world of different civilizations, each of which
  will have to learn to coexist with the others.
  
• Concluding paragraph of Foreign Affairs Summer
  1993 by Huntington

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What Are Some Examples Of Orientalism?

• Orientalism refers to mannerism, quality, or
  customs specific to or characteristic of the
  Orient. Given definition of the Orientalism
  doesn't suffice for a complete reflection of the
  Orientalism, as Edward Said contends that
  Orientalism means more than sheer understanding
  of the Orient, rather it refers to a biased
  understanding of the Orient on the part of the
  west.Some glaring examples of Orientalism can be
  found in the following content
• Firstly, the justifying principle of colonialism,
  which the west used extensively for its
  imperialistic designs, emerged out of Orientalism
  whereby the west conveniently declared the Orient
  "ignorant and dark" and to enlighten it the west
  embarked upon colonial expedition.
• Secondly, so long as cultural interaction started
  between the east and the west, one way flow of
  ideas and philosophy appears marked, the stream
  of flow has been from the west to eastwards. It
  again proves that under the influence of the
  Orientalism the west has been reluctant to open
  up its acceptance to the Oriental philosophy and
  ideas, rather it has been immensely concentrating
  on pouring the western philosophy and ideas
  generously on the Orient.  
• Thirdly, the recent most manifestation of
  Orientalism is exhibited through neo-imperialism,
  under which the west led by the U.S.A. is
  invading the dark and ignorant of the Orient, to
  enlighten them.
• 
  http//www.blurtit.com/q75
  1105.html

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Rightly or wrongly, one popular stereotype of
Japanese working culture
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"Stereotype is a standardized concept or image of
a specific group of people. Stereotypes force a
simple pattern upon a complex mass and assign a
limited number of characteristics to all members
of a group."
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Yellow Peril ???

• Admiral Mahan of the United States Navy saw
  Western world at bay, in danger of losing its
  momentum and facing the staggering task of
  assimilating millions of semi-civilized people.
• (The Troubled Encounter The United States and
  Japan, New York. Wiley, 1975, p.28)

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Stereotype
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Stereotypes
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Stereotypes of British
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Stereotypes of German
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Japanese typography, Western stereotypes about
Japan
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These incisive Russian cartoons call attention to
the role the United States played in helping to
finance Japans war. In fact, the Japanese
government depended on large private loans raised
in both New York and London to meet its enormous
military expenses.
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Japanese Stereotypes. Japanese are all small
and skinny. enjoyingjapan.blogspot.com
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• ??????????,??????????????????????,????????,???????
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  ??????

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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(1904, 1905)by Max Weber, a German economist and
sociologist.
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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

• Weber argues that Puritan ethics and ideas
  influenced the development of capitalism and
  brought wealth.
• Religious devotion usually rejects worldly
  affairs but Protestant ethic accepted secular
  world and addresses this apparent paradox in the
  book.
• Examples, (West Europe, North Europe and USA)
• How could he explain Japans case and China?
• It must be a challenge to analyze Webers book in
  terms of Orientalism.

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Beyond Orientalism and Occidentalism

• Recrimination vs. Reconciliation
• worn-out dogma vs. Direct dialog and
  Contact
• Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism
• Racism and Xenophobia vs. Multiculturalism
  in L. D. Indoctrination vs.
  (Liberal Democracy )
• Colonialism vs.
  Cross-cultural Education
• Unipolarism vs. Cultural
  Diversity and
• 
  Respect for cultural identities
  
• Trans-cultural and Transnational (supranational)
  perspectives, without losing individual cultural
  identities
• and sense of human solidarity
  (Koji)

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Beyond Orientalism and Occidentalism

• European culture gained in strength and identity
  by setting itself of against the Orient as a sort
  of surrogate and even underground self, defining
  Orientalism as a Western style for dominating,
  restructuring, and having authority over the
  Orient (Said, 1978).
• Stereotyped portrayals of Westerners appear in
  many works of Indian, Chinese and Japanese artist
  during this period. The Ideals of the East by
  Tenshin Okakura.

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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

• In the book, Weber wrote that capitalism in
  northern Europe evolved when the Protestant
  (particularly Calvinist) ethic influenced large
  numbers of people to engage in work in the
  secular world, developing their own enterprises
  and engaging in trade and the accumulation of
  wealth for investment. In other words, the
  Protestant ethic was a force behind an unplanned
  and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the
  development of capitalism.

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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

• Weber argues that Puritan ethics and ideas
  influenced the development of capitalism.
  Religious devotion, however, usually accompanied
  a rejection of worldly affairs, including the
  pursuit of wealth and possessions. Why was that
  not the case with Protestantism? Weber addresses
  this apparent paradox in the books.
• (Wikipedia)

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