U.S. History Final Format

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U.S. History Final Format

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Title: U.S. History Final Format

1
U.S. History Final Format

75 Multiple Choice ( .7 pts. each)
52.5
10 True or False ( .7 pts. each)
7.0
15 Matching (3x5) ( .7 pts. each)
10.5
2 of 8 Essay Questions (15 pts. each) 30.0
100.0

2
Junior 15pt. Essay Themes

These essays are to be answered in Knockout
Format! Both Content and Style matter!
Usually Knockouts are 5 paragraphs. You may add
extra paragraphs if you have more than 3 seeds.
Rise and Fall of Racial Segregation
Industrial Revolution (Business, Industry,
Transportation, Communication)
Railroads (Expansion v. Plains Indians)
Age of Imperialism / Western Hemi. Relations
Progressives (Labor, Immigration, Corruption,
Women, Urban Centers)
Reasons and Results of Entering World War I
Causes of the Stock Market Crash
Examples of New Deals Goals of Relief, Recovery
Reform

3
Unit 6 Civil War
4
Cotton

Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
Demand for cotton
Leads to land butchery
westward expansion
more slavery
½ of worlds cotton grown in South
South believes their economic importance to the
world would give them support in case of war with
North

5
Cottonocracy

Antebellum (pre-Civil War South)
Oligarchy government by a small number of elite
About 1,700 families had large plantations with
more than 100 slaves
Had the most political power
Social ranking system
1. elite, large slave-owners
2. small farmers owned a few slaves
3. poor, non-slave owning whites (3/4 of white
population)
Despised wealthy slave owners
Still pro-slavery, very racist

6
Plantation Slavery

Slave importation banned in 1808
Not regulated or enforced
Slave population self-sufficient through
childbirth
Slaves investment
Protected from dangerous jobs
Deep South SC, Louisiana
Most strict, tough areas for slaves
Slave revolts (Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner) caused
tighter security and worse laws for blacks

7
Abolitionist Movements

Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Emotional and chilling portrayal of slavery
HUGE impact on debate of slavery
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave
William Lloyd Garrison
Extremist-abolitionist
Seen as disruptive to unity, Northern economy

8
Souths Defense

Bible supported slavery
Slave owners convert their slaves to Christianity
Whites and happy darkies get along
Slaves and slave-owners like family
Slaves lived better lives than Northern wage
slaves

9
1840s America

William Henry Harrison dies after a month in
office VP John Tyler is new president
Tyler not very Whig-minded
Vetoes Whig legislation kicked out of party
Tyler deals with numerous foreign affairs
Canadian attack on American ship
Borders of Maine (U.S. vs. Britain)
British giving escaped slaves asylum
James K. Polk wins election of 1844
Democratic party
Platform of expansion and Manifest Destiny

10
Polks Presidency

Very successful and efficient
4 part plan
Lower the tariff
Restore independent treasury
Clear up the Oregon border issue
Get California
Accomplished all in 4 years
Issue with Texas
Still independent Texas becoming friendly with
European countries
Dilemma for America
Slavery issue, economic factors, Monroe doctrine
Polk invites Texas to join the U.S. in 1845

11
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Polk wants California (Mexican territory)
Offers to buy first, uses force when refused
Baited Mexico into a war
Santa Anna cleverly returns to lead Mexican Army
U.S. dominates Mexico in 3 phases
Occupy California
Secure Texas
Conquer Mexico City

12
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13
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican Cession forced to give up present day
CA, NV, AZ, NM, CO, UT
Gadsden Purchase made in 1854
Needed land for railroad route

14
1840s-1850s America

Gen. Zachary Taylor wins presidency under Whig
Party in 1848
Challenged by Free Soil Party
People moving west (new land, gold in CA)
Issue of slavery slave or free states?
Huge debate between North and South
Clay, Webster, Calhoun
Slowly working towards compromise
Taylor (anti-slavery) threatens to veto if North
makes any concessions
Taylor dies, compromising VP Millard Fillmore
takes over

15
Compromise of 1850

North gets
California is a free state balance tipped to
free side
Texas gives up disputed New Mexico land
Slave trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic
significance only)
South gets
Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands
New states vote whether to be a free state or
slave state
Texas paid 10 million for loss of land given to
New Mexico
Fugitive Slave Law runaway slaves given no due
process, money paid for catching and returning
of slave, Northern officials forced to catch
slaves
North passes laws to avoid forced capture
Leads to further dissention between North and
South

16
1850s America

President Franklin Pearce wins election in 1852
Democratic party, safe choice no enemies
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Transcontinental railroad compromise
Kansas open to popular sovereignty
Becomes battleground between North and South
Extreme and violent abolitionist John Brown
murderer or martyr?
Kansas wins vote to become slave state
(scandal)
President James Buchanan wins election in 1856
Democratic
Ran against John Fremont (Republican)
Northerner, but sympathetic towards South

17
Dred Scott Case

Slave moved by master from South to North, then
back to South
Tried to sue for freedom ? lost case
Decision Stated slaves not citizens ? cannot use
legal process
Also stated Congress cannot outlaw slavery
Infuriates North
South now had advantage politically (president,
Supreme Court, Constitution)
North has powerless majority Congress

18
Compromise of 1850

North gets
California is a free state balance tipped to
free side
Texas gives up disputed New Mexico land
Slave trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic
significance only)
South gets
Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands
New states vote whether to be a free state or
slave state
Texas paid 10 million for loss of land given to
New Mexico
Fugitive Slave Law runaway slaves given no due
process, money paid for catching and returning
of slave, Northern officials forced to catch
slaves
North passes laws to avoid forced capture
Leads to further dissention between North and
South

19
Dred Scott Case

Slave moved by master from South to North, then
back to South
Tried to sue for freedom ? lost case
Decision Stated slaves not citizens ? cannot use
legal process
Also stated Congress cannot outlaw slavery
Infuriates North
South now had advantage politically (president,
Supreme Court, Constitution)
North has powerless majority Congress

20
1850s America

Panic of 1857
Caused by over-speculation, inflation caused by
California gold, and overproduction of grain
1858 Illinois Senate Race Lincoln (Rep) vs.
Douglas (Dem)
The Great Debates
Douglas wins election, loses his heavy support
from South after Freeport Doctrine
Stated people hold power to vote down slavery,
despite the Supreme Court
Lincoln loses, but becomes national figure

21
Election of 1860

Democrats split
North wants Stephen Douglas to run
Popular sovereignty position
South wants John C. Breckinridge
Pro-slavery position
Republicans select Abe Lincoln
Campaign successfully unites many Northern
factions
Free-Soilers (will stop slaverys expansion)
Manufactures (will raise the import tariff)
Immigrants (will secure better rights)
Westerners (will build a NW railroad)
Farmers (will establish homesteading)
System of federal land grants

22
Election of 1860

Lincoln not an abolitionist, but was a
Free-Soiler ? hated by the south
SC threatens to secede if Lincoln wins election
Southern votes split between Douglas and
Breckenridge
Lincoln wins comfortably in November, 1860
Scheduled to take office in March 1861

23
The South Secedes

SC secedes in Dec. 1860
Soon followed by Deep South
Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia,
Louisiana, Texas
Feb 1861 Southern states form Confederate
States of America
Elect Jefferson Davis as President of C.S.A.
President Buchanan did almost nothing to stop the
secession
One final compromise offered Crittendon
Compromise (extend Missouri Compromise line
north free, south slave)
Lincoln takes over, crushes compromise
Honest Abe took free-soil pledge, wouldnt
break it

24
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25
Why the South Seceded

Institution of slavery threatened by North
Would kill Southern economy if outlawed
Believed starting own nation allows own
development
Economy, industry, banking, shipping, etc
Compared their secession to independence of
American colonies in 1776
U.S. breaks from England, South breaks from North
South didnt think North would try to stop their
secession
If war did break out, Europe would support South
due to its economic value

26
Civil War Begins
27
Lincolns Inauguration (Mar. 4, 1861)

Primary goal
REUNITE THE NATION
Problems with South leaving
Dividing country impossible due to geographic
reasons
They still owe national debt
Runaway slave issues would surely lead to
conflict
Europe could prey on a weak and split America
(economically, diplomatically, militarily)

28
War Begins (1861)

Lincolns inauguration (Mar)
Southern delegates offer peace treaty to Lincoln
Lincoln refuses
Fort Sumter, SC (April)
Island fort held by North, being surrounded by
South
Supplies running out, reinforcements too late
South open fires on Ft. Sumter
North surrenders after day
War officially begins

29
Lincoln Preps for War

Call to arms
75,000 soldiers
Orders naval blockade of South
4 undecided states secede and CSA
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and NC

30
Border States
31
Border States

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland
All slave states that had not seceded
Importance
Would increase Souths population
Would increase Souths industrial potential
Lincolns plan to gain border states
Declared martial law in Maryland
Railroad importance, buffer to D.C.
Convinced border states his motives were to end
war, not slavery
Splits between border states
Tennessee volunteers
Anti-slavery West Virginia breaks away from
Virginia

32
Advantages

North
Larger population
3x Souths population
Industry
Railroads
U.S. Navy
Naval blockades importance
More money

South
Only had to defend, not conquer
North needed a decisive victory to win
Geographical advantages
Better military leadership
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson

33
Warm Up

Of the advantages and disadvantages we know of,
which do you think will be the most important
throughout the course of the war?
Which will help the North the most?
Which will hurt the South the most?

34
Souths Foreign Aid?

South believed Europe would help them
Economic importance cotton
Reasons help never came
Some Europeans wanted a split U.S.
Other Europeans were anti-slavery
Effect of Uncle Toms Cabin
Englands reliance on Southern cotton decreasing
Had started own crops in colonized Egypt and
India
North sends food over to famine-affected Europe
throughout war ? support grows

35
Foreign Affairs

England gives very little support to South
Trent affair
Northern ship stops British ship with 2 Southern
diplomats on it ? arrested ? released
CSS Alabama
Staffed with British forces, attacked U.S. ships
worldwide, but not in U.S. waters
Brits never follow though with promise to build
raider ships for South ? could hurt England one
day
U.S.-Canada border issues
Puppet government set up in Mexico by Napoleon
III (France)
violates Monroe doctrine

36
A. Lincoln vs. J. Davis

Stable established government
Can easily exert power
Better foreign relations
Navy at disposal
Telegraph and railroad system

Never popular
(Elected by delegates, not common people)
An unstable confederacy
Loosely united
Weak by design
Hard to govern
Hard to exert power

37
Lincoln vs. the Constitution

Unconstitutional actions
Martial law declared in Maryland
Increases the size of the Army
Created draft too
Paid 2 million to a few private citizens for
undisclosed military purposes
Suspended habeas corpus
Anti-unionists arrested and held without trial
Supervised Border State elections
Turn and talk with a partner
Which actions are the worst? Rank them.
Do you think these actions are acceptable? Why or
why not?
Do the ends justify the means?

38
Economies During War

NORTH
Raises import tax
Railroads and open seas
Sold war bonds
Funded 62 of war for North
Recreated National Banking System
Secured and regulated money in economy
War boomed industry
Womens role increased
Factory workers, Red Cross

SOUTH
Union naval blockade killed Souths money flow
Could not export cotton
Could not import for (no import tax)
Massive inflation
New CSA currency fails
Southerners held 30 of nations wealth before
secession ? 12 after
Lack of money kills Souths war effort

39
War Starts

Ft. Sumter (April 1860)
Both sides confident war will be short
Ninety-Day War
North wants to take Richmond, VA (CSA capital)
July 1860 Battle of Bull Run (VA)
Both sides unprepared, unorganized
Southern Gen. Thomas Jackson holds line, fights
off North
Stonewall Jackson
North panics retreats, South wins the first
major battle of the Civil War
Significance?
Realization war was going to take much longer
Both sides needed better preparation
5,000 casualties in one day

Both sides stall to prepare for long war
Lincoln puts Gen. George McClellan in charge
Organized, master planner
Planned to take Richmond
Would end war
The Peninsula Campaign (Summer 1862)
Stonewall Jackson bluffs attack on D.C.
Northern troops split
Southern Gen. Jeb Stuarts cavalry circles
outflanks McClellan
Southern Gen. Robert E. Lee attacks in Seven
Days Battles
Pushes McClellan back to sea
South wins another huge battle
35,000 total dead

41
Norths New Strategy

Norths quick solution to war fails twice
Lincolns new plan TOTAL WAR
Blockade, divide, conquer
Strengthen naval blockade
Free the slaves
Divide the South along Mississippi River
Capture Richmond, VA (CSA Capital)
Engage battle anywhere possible
Abandons using only large, planned battles
South would be pounded into submission in every
facet of war

42
Northern Gen. Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan
43
Naval Blockade

Penetrable at first, strengthened over time
Stopped and searched any ships coming in or out
C.S.S. Merrimack ironclad ship threatened
blockade
North builds U.S.S. Monitor
Monitor defeats Merrimack in Chesapeake Bay
March, 1862
New plan replace wooden ships with iron, steam
ships
Whos more likely to manufacture more and at a
faster rate?

44
Antietam

Aug 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run
North beaten badly by South, led by Lee
South undoubtedly winning the war
Lee marches forward invades Antietam, MD
Wants to lure Border States to join CSA
Draw war off of Virginias farmland
Make a symbolic victory on Northern soil
Loses battle plans found by North
Gen. McClellan (back in charge) prepares for
battle

45
Antietam

Battle of Antietam Creek (Sep. 1862)
Most critical battle of war so far
Could be knockout punch for South
Northern victory would keep war alive, convinces
Europe to stay out of war
North wins
Overpowers South with numbers
Over 20,000 killed

46
Emancipation Proclamation

First, much awaited victory for North
Gives Lincoln a stage to announce next part of
plan free the slaves
Not just a war to reunite the nation, but now to
end slavery as well
Gives North a moral rationale for fighting
Proclamation did not free slaves in Border States
States too fragile ? could leave secede in anger
No real legal repercussions to Proclamation
why?
Lincoln holds no political power in South
Lincoln didnt have authority to free slaves even
in the Union
North would have to win the war for it to go into
effect
South complains Lincoln is stirring slave
rebellion

47
Black Soldiers Join Effort

Free Black men in the North banned from enlisting
at first
As war progressed, more soldiers were needed
Black men now allowed to enlist
10 of army made up of Black men
Southern army often just executed captured Black
soldiers rather than treat them as POWs
Massacre at Ft. Pillow, Tennessee
Advancing Northern armies freed slaves, some of
which joined the war

48
Futile Northern Generals

Gen. McClellan demoted again after Antietam
Had Lees plans!!!
Barely won the battle
Largely because of numbers
Failed to pursue and crush Lee
Gen. Burnside takes over
Defeated at Fredericksburg, VA (Dec, 1862)
Gen. Hooker takes over
Defeated at Chancellorsville, VA (May, 1863)
Lees most impressive victory
Humiliating loss for the North
Stonewall Jackson mistakenly killed by own men
Gen. Meade takes over

49
Gettysburg

Lee again goes for knockout punch
Invades North again
Battle of Gettysburg, PA (July 1863)
South wins first two days of battle forcing North
to retreat up into hills
Third Day Picketts Charge
Lee sends 15,000 men across open field to crush
the North with frontal assault
Fails miserably Northern lines hold
North wins HUGE battle

50
Gettysburg

Biggest win for North thus far
Massive loss for South
25,000 casualties
Turning point in war
South could not keep up with Norths influx of
soldiers, supplies
Chances at victory dwindling fast
Gettysburg Address (Nov 1863)
Lincoln returned to battlefield to give speech to
troops
Meant to boost morale, rationalize war

51
Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on
a great battlefield of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate --
we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow --
this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it, far above
our poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note, nor long remember what we say here,
but it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here
to the unfinished work which they who fought here
have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for
us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us -- that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion
-- that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain -- that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --
and that government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

52
Blockade, Divide, Conquer

Ulysses S. Grant
Unconditional Surrender
Rose to fame by capturing Jackson and Vicksburg,
MS
One day after Gettysburg
Divides South at Mississippi River
Gen. Sherman divides South from Tennessee to
Atlanta (Spring 1864)
March to Sea
Total war tactics
Destroyed everything in his path
Burns Atlanta to ground

53
Election of 1864

Lincoln had some Northern opposition
Radical Republicans felt Lincoln was
mismanaging war
Democrats split on Lincoln support
War Dems vs. Peace Dems
Lincoln forms Union Party
Combines Republicans and War Democrats
George McClellan runs vs. Lincoln
Lincoln easily wins election

54
The Final Stages Lee vs. Grant

Grant promoted to Commanding General Army
South blockaded divided
GRANTs strategy now
Beat the South by outlasting the South
North has strength in numbers
Series of battles in VA grinds away at South
The Wilderness (May 1864)
Spotsylvania Courthouse (May)
Cold Harbor (June 1864)
Petersburg (June 1864 - Mar 1865)
All result in Northern
victories

55
The South Surrenders

Petersburg was Souths last stand
After it falls, South doomed
Grant marches to Richmond
Scorched earth method of South causes fires in
Richmond
Evacuation allows for easy capture of capital
April 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse in VA

56
Aftermath

600,000 dead
A whole generation gone
15 billion spent
Long-term animosity
Physically destroyed the South
Pro Slavery ended forever
Lincoln assassinated 5 days after the war ends
At a play at Fords Theater in D.C.
Shot by John Wilkes Booth in part of plot to
still help South win the war
Lincoln an instant martyr in North
Died reuniting the nation, ending slavery
Assassination celebrated in South, ironically
dooms them
Radical Reps who replace Lincoln not as forgiving
as Lincoln

57
The Reconstruction

Freedmen freed slaves in tough situation
Most stayed (either by choice or force) on
plantation
U.S. Army freed all slaves eventually
Some fled North
Some rioted against former masters
New social structure for blacks is shaky
Churches grow and become pillar of black
community
Freedmans Bureau created to help blacks adjust
to free life provided food, clothing, education
Improved literacy, failed in most other areas
Disliked by Southerners, Pres. Johnson

58
President Andrew Johnson

Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to balance
ticket in 1864 election
Was only Southern Congressman to not secede
Disliked by both North and South
Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered white
supremacist

59
The Reconstruction Plan

Lincolns plan The 10 Plan
Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after 10
of the voters take oath of loyalty and respect
for emancipation
Plan seen as very forgiving
Radical Republicans wanted to punish South
Propose Wade-Davis Bill up to 50, add laws to
protect freed blacks
Lincoln vetoes why?

60
The Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln assassinated
Johnson adds some changes
Former Confeds cannot vote
Secession ordinances repealed
U.S. repudiated Confed debts
States must ratify the 13th amendment
Outlaws slavery
Souths social structure workforce demolished
and disassembled

61
The Black Codes

White Southerners pass Black Codes
Laws designed to keep freed blacks under control
of their white employers
Contracts forcing blacks to work for whites
Very discriminatory
Blacks given little rights, punishable offenses
Northerners outraged

62
Battle for Congress

North dominated Congress during war
Passed many major bills during war
Dec 1865 Johnson allows all Southern states to
rejoin the U.S.
Southern politicians return to Congress
Could gain more representation now than before
Three-Fifths Compromise eradicated now

63
Johnson vs. Congress

Johnson vetoed all Republican bills
Civil Rights Bill grants blacks citizenship,
weakens Black Codes
Congress creates 14th Amendment
Blacks get citizenship
Didnt guarantee suffrage
States lose Congressional representation if
blacks were denied voting
Confederate leaders banned from federal offices
Johnson battles Congress with round the circle
speeches backfires
Ratified by states in 1868

64
Congressional Reconstruction

Republicans now in control of Reconstruction
Split (Radicals vs. Moderates
Radical Reps
Led by Sen. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
Wanted a slow Reconstruction to institute major
social and economic changes to South
Moderate Reps
Wanted a more hands-off approach to
Reconstruction
Both groups wanted black suffrage

65
The Reconstruction Act

Passed March 1867
Divides South into 5 military districts
Army occupied each to maintain order
Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S.
until
14th Amendment is ratified
Black suffrage guaranteed
Radical Reps pass 15th Amendment in 1870 to
ensure suffrage cannot be removed

66
Unit 7 Postwar
67
The Reconstruction

Freedmen freed slaves in tough situation
Most stayed (either by choice or force) on
plantation
U.S. Army freed all slaves eventually
Some fled North
Some rioted against former masters
New social structure for blacks is shaky
Churches grow and become pillar of black
community
Freedmans Bureau created to help blacks adjust
to free life provided food, clothing, education
Improved literacy, failed in most other areas
Disliked by Southerners, Pres. Johnson

68
President Andrew Johnson

Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to balance
ticket in 1864 election
Was only Southern Congressman to not secede
Disliked by both North and South
Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered white
supremacist

69
The Reconstruction Plan

Lincolns plan The 10 Plan
Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after 10
of the voters take oath of loyalty and respect
for emancipation
Plan seen as very forgiving
Radical Republicans wanted to punish South
Propose Wade-Davis Bill up to 50, add laws to
protect freed blacks
Lincoln vetoes why?

70
The Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln assassinated
Johnson adds some changes
Former Confeds cannot vote
Secession ordinances repealed
U.S. repudiated Confed debts
States must ratify the 13th amendment
Outlaws slavery
Souths social structure workforce demolished
and disassembled

71
The Black Codes

White Southerners pass Black Codes
Laws designed to keep freed blacks under control
of their white employers
Contracts forcing blacks to work for whites
Very discriminatory
Blacks given little rights, punishable offenses
Northerners outraged

72
Battle for Congress

North dominated Congress during war
Passed many major bills during war
Dec 1865 Johnson allows all Southern states to
rejoin the U.S.
Southern politicians return to Congress
Could gain more representation now than before
Three-Fifths Compromise eradicated now

73
Johnson vs. Congress

Johnson vetoed all Republican bills
Civil Rights Bill grants blacks citizenship,
weakens Black Codes
Congress creates 14th Amendment
Blacks get citizenship
Didnt guarantee suffrage
States lose Congressional representation if
blacks were denied voting
Confederate leaders banned from federal offices
Johnson battles Congress with round the circle
speeches backfires
Ratified by states in 1868

74
Congressional Reconstruction

Republicans now in control of Reconstruction
Split Radicals vs. Moderates
Radical Reps
Led by Sen. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
From Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856)
Wanted a slow Reconstruction to institute major
social and economic changes to South
Moderate Reps
Wanted a more hands-off approach to
Reconstruction
Both groups wanted black suffrage

75
The Reconstruction Act

Passed March 1867
Divides South into 5 military districts
Army occupied each to maintain order
Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S.
until
14th Amendment is ratified
Black suffrage guaranteed
Radical Reps pass 15th Amendment in 1870 to
ensure suffrage cannot be removed

76
Progression of Black Rights

13th amendment abolishes slavery
14th amendment makes ex-slaves citizens
15th amendment protects black suffrage

77
14th Amendment

The right to vote at any election is denied to
any of the male inhabitants of such State, being
twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the
United States, or in any way abridged (if
violated) the basis of representation therein
shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such male citizens shall bear to the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of
age in such State.

78
15th Amendment

The rights of citizens of the U.S. to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by
any state on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
What is controversial about the language used in
the 14th and 15th amendments?

79
Women Suffrage

14th amendment refers to citizens as males
15th amendment claims voting cant be denied by
race, color, or previous servitude
Women outraged, feel left out, see opportunity
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony lead
womens movement
Fought to keep these amendments from entering
Constitution without guaranteeing womens
suffrage
Failed amendments passed

80
Reconstruction in Action

Blacks begin to organize, create Union League
Web of associations working together to help
black communities, consolidate political power,
etc.
Many white southerners temporarily unable to vote
leads to blacks gaining power politically
Hiram Revels becomes first black Senator (1870)

White Southerners infuriated
Blacks freed, serving over whites in Congress and
state legislatures
Scalawags whites who were sympathetic towards
North
Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved to South
after the war
Some came to help, some came to profit, some
swindled
Underground movement among White Southerners
gaining strength

82
Southern White Retaliation

The Ku Klux Klan
The Invisible Empire of the South
Formed in Tennessee (1866)
Thrived on fear, unknown membership
Threatened, lynched, murdered blacks
Effective in slowing down black progress
White Southerners use political tricks to
disenfranchise blacks
Started literacy tests as requirement to vote
Targets illiterate blacks problem?
Add grandfather clauses to protect illiterate
whites
Allows voting rights to any citizen whos
grandfather could vote

83
Congress vs. Johnson

Johnson impeding Congressional Reconstruction
Radical Reps plot to impeach Johnson
Pass Tenure of Office Act (1867)
President needs Senate approval to fire anyone
who had been previously appointed to him
Rational Senate approves appointees when hired,
thus should approve when fired
Johnson wants to replace Sec. of War Edwin
Stanton
Appointed by Lincoln
Conspiring against Johnson with Radical
Republicans
Lose-lose for Johnson, Win-Win for Congress
Allow Stanton to stay Radical Reps happy
Fire Stanton breaking the law, could be
impeached

84
Impeachment?

Johnson fires Stanton in 1868
Congress votes to impeach Johnson on high crimes
and misdemeanors
Generally due to all of Johnsons misdoings
during Reconstruction, specifically due to firing
Stanton
Impeachment trials
Johnson remains silent
His lawyers argue he was acting under
Constitution, not Tenure of Office Act
Senate needs 2/3 to support impeachment, fall
short by one vote
Johnson remains in office
Radical Republicans claim the non-guilty verdict
as a dangerous precedent

85
Purchase of Alaska

Russia willing to sell Alaska
William H. Steward Johnsons Sec. of State
Expansionist, pushed for purchase of Alaska
Unpopular campaign
Sewards Folly, Sewards Icebox
Eventually gains enough support in Senate
Purchased for 7.2 million
Seward scorned for purchase
Adds to Johnsons unpopularity
Vindicated long after death gold and oil
discovered

86
Legacy of Reconstruction

Reconstruction just as bad as the war for South
Loss of infrastructure, economy, political power,
massive physical destruction
Causes decades of animosity
South felt beaten down, humiliated
Civil War referred to as War of Northern
Aggression
Emancipation gives somewhat false hope to blacks
Progress made with 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
But in some cases, had it better in antebellum
times
Violence, tricky politics keep blacks down
Significant progress not made again until the
1950s and 60s

87
The Gilded Age (1870-1900)Gilded Covered
thinly with gold paint

Times appeared great
Railroads
Industry booms
Westward Expansion
Relative Peace
Wealth

but numerous problems
Corruption
Crooked business practices
Tight and chaotic political races
Ethnic conflict
Wealth Gaps

88
Political Division of the Gilded Age

Republicans
Supported in North and West
Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.)
Military veteran group devout to Republican party
Allude to Puritan ancestry
Most political power after Civil War
Democrats
Supported mostly by the South
Supported by Lutherans and Catholics
Very little political power after Civil War
Various political parties emerge during era in
response to problems of the Gilded Age
corruption, economy, labor rights, etc.

89
Election of 1868Ulysses S. Grantvs.Horatio
Seymour

Grant and the Republicans (Radical)
Radicals needed a strong president to enforce
their policies
Grant had no political experience Reps. relying
on what?
War-hero, slogan wave the bloody shirt
Hoping military heroics would be enough to win
election
Seymour and the Democrats
Seymour a former Governor from NY
Party extremely disorganized
Agreed on only one thing
Dislike of military Reconstruction
Grant narrowly wins election what does this
imply?
Political campaigns now tightening up, more
efficiently run

90
Grants Reconstruction

Implemented Radical Rep policies of
Reconstruction
Protection of equal rights for blacks
Civil Rights Act (1875)
Creates Dept. of Justice
Helps prosecute KKK leaders, members
Used military to
Enforce fair voting practices
Quell KKK violence
Grants support would slowly decline during
terms
Why?
Mission already accomplished many felt
Reconstruction was largely complete by 1870
Corruption

91
Corruption

Time period AKA The Era of Good Stealings
Widespread corruption after Civil War
JubileeJim Fisk Jay Gould
Caught with scheme to cornerstone gold market
Boss Tweed
Ran Tammany Hall, a political organzation in
NYC
Bribes, rigged elections, cronyism
Prosecuted by Samuel J. Tilden

92
Corruption

Credit Mobilier scandal
Railroad company caught fixing hiring process to
get paid double
Bribed Congressmen and VP Schuyler Colfax with
stocks
Whiskey Ring
Revenue from liquor tax being stolen
Large ring of government workers Grants
secretary
Grant Let no man escape doesnt prosecute
secretary
William Belknap
Grants Sec. of War caught swindling 24,000 from
Indians

93
Grants Presidency

Grant a very honest man not involved in any
scandals
But still condemned as corrupt
Major corruption in administration
Failed to recognize it
Failed to deal with it properly
Reformers form own party to combat crooked
Republicans Liberal Republican Party
Included both ex-Reps and ex-Dems
Main goal clean up government corruption

94
Election of 1872Ulysses S. Grantvs. Horace
Greeley

Republican Grant tries for second term
Horace Greeley nominee for Liberal Republicans
Editor of NY Tribune, little political experience
Stubborn abolitionist, and harsh critic of
Democrats
Still gets support from Southern Dems why?
Soft on Southern Reconstruction
Dems desperately eager to gain office
Extreme mudslinging
Greeley called an atheist, communist, vegetarian,
Confederate sympathizer
Grant drunk, stupid, swindler

95
Results of Election of 1872

Grant
Popular vote 55
Electoral vote 286 (of 352)

Greeley
Popular vote 46
Electoral vote 3 (of 352)

(Last 63 Electoral votes spread out among various
Democratic and Liberal Republican politicians)
What happened?
Greeley dies during election after popular
vote, but before electoral vote. Grant easily
wins election.
96
Effects of Election of 1872

Popular vote was close enough to scare Reps
Republican Congress begins to reform
The Amnesty Act (1872)
Removed voting and office-holding restrictions on
many ex-Confederates
Efforts to reduce tariff rates
Would help Southern economy
Clean up the corruption in Grants administration
Fired any workers involved in any past scandals

97
Panic of 1873

Industrialization of U.S. caused over-growth
Railroads manufacturing boom
Economic downturns every twenty years in 1800s
(1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893)
Panic of 1873 What caused it?
Over-speculation
Overspending, overinvesting with borrowed money
Railroads and factories specifically
Banks giving too-easy credit
Young American industry hit hard
Black communities hurt especially why?
Economic downturn ? less jobs ? last to be hired
Debate ensues on how to fix economy

98
Soft Money vs. Hard Money

AKA Cheap Money
Policies call for forced inflation
Paper currency fluctuating value
Would ease debt payments of masses
Supported by middle and lower classes

Policies keep amount of money stable by keeping
it correlated with amount of gold
Coin currency defined value
Inflation unfair lent money would be less
valuable once paid back
Supported by wealthy, banks

SOLUTION
Grant supports hard money policy, passes
Resumption Act
Aimed to lower paper money in circulation
phase it out
Backfires starts contraction amount of
money in circulation decreases ? worsens
recession ? value of dollar bill increases
Greenback Labor Party emerges in 1878 main
goal
CHEAP MONEY POLICIES

100
Grants Presidency (1878-1876)

How did public rate his presidency?
How do you rate it?
General historical view
Good and honest leader but presidency is marred
and burdened by widespread corruption, economic
downturn

101
Election of 1876

Grants two terms complete
Republican split redevelops
Stalwarts (Radicals) led by Roscoe Conkling
Half-Breeds (Moderates) led by James G. Blaine
Agree to nominate Rutherford B. Hayes
The Great Unknown
Neutral Republican
From Ohio (important swing state)
Democrats nominate Samuel Tilden
Famous for prosecuting Boss Tweed

102
Election of 1876Rutherford B. Hayesvs. Samuel
Tilden

Tilden gets 51 of popular vote, but falls one
electoral vote short of winning election
But 20 votes disputed due to questionable process
of return and handling
Near chaos ensues
Both Reps and Dems send officials to investigate
Both sides claim victory
Recount called for but who in Congress would
count?
Democratic majority in House, Republican majority
in Senate
Congress creates Electoral Count Act which sets
up commission of 15 men to solve crisis
problem?
Uneven number 8 Republicans, 7 Democrats
Republicans claim victory, Democrats filibuster
to stop process