WHMIS

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WHMIS

• Workplace
• Hazardous Materials
• Information
• System

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• Class A - Compressed Gas
• danger lies in the pressure, not in the contents.

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• Class B - Combustible and
• Flammable Material
• may burn at relatively low temperatures, burn
  spontaneously or as a result of heat, sparks or
  friction
• hydrocarbons and several chemicals like
  phosphorus, sodium and calcium carbide would be
  included in the list.

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• Class C - Oxidizing Material
• may cause a fire, react violently or explode when
  it comes into contact with combustible materials
  such as wood.
• an oxidizer supplies the oxygen for a chemical
  reaction.

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• Class D, Division 1
• Poisonous and Infectious Material
  Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects
• these substances have acute toxicity - refers to
  a substance which has immediate effects, usually
  within 24 hours

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• Class D, Division 2
• Poisonous and Infectious Material Other
  Toxic Effects
• these substances have chronic toxicity - refers
  to the effects of a substance through repeated
  exposure at low levels over a long period (weeks,
  months or years).
• effects may be similar to those of acute
• toxicity organ damage, illness or death
• the effects can also include cancer,
• allergies or chronic diseases (bronchitis,
  emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.)
• long term alcohol or cigarette use would fall
  under this category

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• Class D, Division 3
• Poisonous and Infectious Material
  Biohazardous Infectious Material
• refers to an infectious agent
• (bacteria, virus or some other
• organism) which may spread disease if improperly
  handled, also called a biohazard
• this symbol is common in hospital emergency rooms
  on containers where used needles and dressings
  are deposited

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• Class E - Corrosive Material
• causes severe eye and skin irritation upon
  contact
• causes severe tissue damage with prolonged
  exposure
• may be harmful if inhaled
• the effects are the same as under the household
  hazards

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• Class F - Dangerously Reactive Material
• is very unstable
• may react with water to release
• a toxic or flammable gas
• may explode as a result of shock,
• friction or increase in temperature
• undergoes vigorous polymerization
• all of these reactions happen very quickly you
  have to be extremely careful around these
  substances

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Lab Procedures and Rules

• 1. No eating or drinking in the lab.
• 2. Treat all chemicals as if they were hazardous
• 3. Never perform unauthorized experiments.
• 4. Report all accidents immediately.
• 5. If you get a chemical solution in your eye go
  to the eyewash station immediately and wash the
  eye for at least 5 minutes.
• 6. If you get chemicals on your clothes, wash the
  clothes thoroughly.
• 7. Do not wear loose clothing during a lab. Tie
  long hair back.
• 8. Do not sit on the lab bench you do not know
  how clean it is.
• 9. Clean all equipment thoroughly and put it back
  where it belongs.
• 10. Follow directions concerning the safe
  disposal of chemicals and solutions.
• 11. Clean your lab station thoroughly after a lab.

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Metric System
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SI BASE UNITS

• Quantity Base Unit Symbol
• length metre m
• mass gram g
• volume litre L
• temperature kelvin K
• time second s
• amount of matter mole mol
• electric current ampere A

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SI DERIVED UNITS

• Quantity Name of Unit Symbol in SI
  Base Units
• density kilogram per kg m-3 kg m-3
  cubic metre (kg/m3)
• force Newton N kg m s-2
• (kg m / s2)
• pressure Pascal Pa N m-2
• (kgs-2m-1 , N / m2)
• heat energy Joule J N m
• (kgm2s-2 )

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SI Prefixes

• Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
  Exponential Notation
• tera T 1 000 000 000 000 1012
• giga G 1 000 000 000 109
• mega M 1 000 000 106
• kilo k 1 000 103
• hecto h 100 102
• deca da 10 101
• THE BASE UNIT 1 100

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SI Prefixes

• Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
  Exponential Notation
• THE BASE UNIT 1 100
• deci d 0.1 10-1
• centi c 0.01 10-2
• milli m 0.001 10-3
• micro µ 0.000 001 10-6
• nano n 0.000 000 001 10-9
• pico p 0.000 000 000 001 10-12

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• For numbers larger than 1
• The exponent is positive
• Examples
• 3000 m 3000.0 m 3 x 103 m
• 454 000 g 454 000.0 g 4.54 x 105 g
• 3 860 000 L 3 860 000.0 L 3.86 x 106
  L
• 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 atoms
• 6.02 x 1023 atoms

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• For numbers smaller than 1
• The exponent is negative
• Examples
• 0.068 s 6.8 x 10-2 s
• 0.000 049 3 N 4.93 x 10-5 N
• 0.000 000 002 41 A 2.41 x 10-9 A

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• If the decimal does not have to be moved, the
  exponent is zero.
• Example
• 1.23 cm 1.23 x 100 cm

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• IF A NUMBER IS LARGER THAN 9999 OR SMALLER THAN
  0.001 IT MUST BE WRITTEN IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION.
  
• Between these extremes you may use either decimal
  or scientific notation.

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• Only 1 non-zero number to the left of the decimal
  place
• 2630 g 2.63 x 103 g
• ? 26.3 x 102 g
• ? 263 x 101 g
• ? 0.263 x 104 g

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UNITS

• All numbers are measurements they have a numeral
  and a unit.
• NEVER write a number without a unit behind it.
• 12.01 g/mol , not 12.01

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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

• 1. All non-zero numbers are considered
  significant that is, they are counted
• 123 g has 3 significant digits 1267 m has 4
  s.d.
• 2. There are two situations where zeros are
  significant
• i) Zeros between two non-zero numbers
• 102 L has 3 s.d. 10203 L has 5 s.d. 1002 L
  has 4 s.d.
• ii) A zero at the end of a decimal number
• 12.00 m has 4 s.d. 0.010 m has 2 s.d.
• 1200.000 m has 7 s.d.

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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

• 3. In any other situation zeros are not
  considered significant
• i) For a number larger than 1, a zero between
  the decimal and the first non-zero number
• 120 s has 2 s.d. 10200 s has 3 s.d.
• 130 000 000 s has 2 s.d.
• ii). For a number smaller than 1, a zero between
  the decimal and the first non-zero number
• 0.0012 A has 2 s.d. 0.02102 A has 4 s.d.
• 0.000 000 001 A has 1 s.d.

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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

• Exact numbers
• defined (conversion factors in the metric system)
• result from counting objects (like the
  coefficients used to balance chemical equations).
  
• have an infinite (8) number of significant digits
  for rounding purposes.

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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

• a) 18.56 m i) 1500 ºC
• b) 0.5306 kg j) 0.0062 L
• c) 0.0128 km k) 2.300 kPa
• d) 20 apples l) 8.0 J
• e) 1.03 x 104 N m) 15 000 000 A
• f) 406.010 mol n) 120. mm
• g) 0.00920 g o) 500 students
• h) 90 502 cm p) 100 000 t

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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

• a) 18.56 m 4 i) 1500 ºC 2
• b) 0.5306 kg 4 j) 0.0062 L 2
• c) 0.0128 km 3 k) 2.300 kPa 4
• d) 20 apples 8 l) 8.0 J 2
• e) 1.03 x 104 N 3 m) 15 000 000 A 2
  
• f) 406.010 mol 6 n) 120. mm 3
• g) 0.00920 g 3 o) 500 students 8
• h) 90 502 cm 5 p) 100 000 t 1

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Rounding Off

• if the following digit is greater than 5, the
  last digit is increased by 1
• e.g. 123.46 g rounded to 4 s.d. is now 123.5 g
• if the following digit is less than 5, the last
  digit stays the same
• e.g. 123.44 g rounded to 4 s.d. is now 123.4 g
• if the following digit is equal to 5, followed by
  a nonzero digit, the last digit is
• increased by 1
• e.g. 123.452 g rounded to 4 s.d. is now 123.5
  g
• if the following digit is equal to 5, and not
  followed by a nonzero digit , the last digit is
  increased by 1 only if it produces an even number
• e.g. 123.45 g rounded to 4 s.d. is now 123.4 g
• 123.55 g rounded to 4 s.d. is now 123.6 g

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Rounding Off

• a) 6.249 mm 2 s.d.
• b) 10.98 g 3 s.d.
• c) 0.0573 mol 2 s.d.
• d) 69.95 km/h 2 s.d.
• e) 298.036 cm3 4 s.d.
  
• f) 349.9 A 3 s.d.
• g) 9.100 g 2 s.d.
• h) 56087250 N 4 s.d.
• i) 21.35 m 3 s.d.
• j) 450.5 kL 3 s.d.
• k) 67.77 mg 1 s.d.
• l) 2880 L 4 s.d.
• m) 675 J 2 s.d.