FLOWCHART

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FLOWCHART

• Programming Algorithm

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Outline

• Element of computer
• Computer language Interpreter
• Analysis Algorithm
• Algorithm structure

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Element of computer
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Computer language Language Translator

• Computer language
• Machine Language
• Low Level Language
• High Level Language
• Language Translator
• Assembler
• Compiler
• Interpreter

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Analysis Algorithm

• Analysis
• Answer Analysis
• Data Analysis
• Process Analysis
• Debug Analysis
• Algorithm
• Flowchart
• Pseudo code

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Introduction to Flowchart

• A flowchart is a common type of chart, that
  represents an algorithm or process, showing the
  steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order
  by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are
  used in analyzing, designing, documenting or
  managing a process or program in various fields

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Types of flowcharts

• Consist of
• Document flowcharts, showing a document flow
  through system
• Data flowcharts, showing data flows in a system
• System flowcharts, showing controls at a physical
  or resource level
• Program flowchart, showing the controls in a
  program within a system

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Symbol

• Start and end symbols Represented as lozenges,
  ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing
  the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase
  signaling the start or end of a process, such as
  "submit enquiry" or "receive product".
• Arrows Showing what's called "flow of control" in
  computer science. An arrow coming from one symbol
  and ending at another symbol represents that
  control passes to the symbol the arrow points to.

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Symbol

• Processing steps Represented as rectangles.
  Examples "Add 1 to X" "replace identified
  part" "save changes" or similar.
• Input/Output Represented as a parallelogram.
  Examples Get X from the user display X.
• A Manual input represented by parallelogram, with
  the top irregularly sloping up from left to
  right. An example would be to signify data-entry
  from a form

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Symbol

• Conditional or decision Represented as a diamond
  (rhombus). These typically contain a Yes/No
  question or True/False test. This symbol is
  unique in that it has two arrows coming out of
  it, usually from the bottom point and right
  point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one
  corresponding to No or False.
• A Display Output represented by many rectangle

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Flowchart Symbols

• Symbols of flowchart to standard from ANSI (The
  American National Standard Institute)

Symbols Description
Processing ????????? ????????
Auxiliary Processing ??????????????
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
Subroutine Processing ???????????????????? ???????? ????
Input/Output Data ?????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????
Internal Storage ????????????
Decision Symbol ??????????? ??????????????
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
Preparation Symbol ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????
Manual Input ??????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????
Manual Control ????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????
Document Output ????????????, ???????????? ????????????
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
More Document ????????????????????
Monitor ???????????
Card ??????????????????? ????????????
Tape ??? (????????????????)
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
Start/End Symbol ????????/???????, ?????????????????? ??????
Connection Symbol ??????????????????????????
Connection Symbol ??????????????????????
???????????????????
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
????
?????????
??????????
???
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
????
??????????????
?????????
??????????????????????????????
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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Description
?????????????
?????????????????????????
Flow Line ????????????????????
Comment Line ????????????????????????
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Usually Symbols
Read
Reading of Keyboard
Read
Read
Reading of other tools
Reading data of Symbols by Keyboard Other tools
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Usually Symbols
Display
Display on Monitor
??????...
Display
Display on Printer
Display
??????...
Display
Display on other tools
Display data of Symbols by Keyboard Other tools
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Natural Language

• Find x from equation x (ab-c)/100 if a, b,
  c manual input from keyboard and display x on
  monitor.

Start
Program Sample Uses crt Var a, b, c, x
real Begin Clrscr Readln(a,b,c) x
(ab-c)/100 Writeln(x82) End.
Input a, b, c
x lt- (ab-c)/100
x
End
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Algorithm structure

• Sequential
• Step to Step
• Selection
• Select part to true and false
• Repetition
• Loop

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Sequential

• Summations of 2 number define a, b by a, b
  manual input from keyboard and display answer on
  monitor.

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Selection

• Consist of 2 selection
• if
• switch

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if structure (Single Selection )
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if structure (Single Selection )

• Input number 1 integer manual input from
  keyboard, brings the number to check number is 0,
  if true display Greater than Zero on monitor

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if structure (Double Selection )
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if structure (Double Selection )

• Input number 1 integer manual input from
  keyboard, brings the number to check number is 0,
  
• if true display Greater than Zero
• and then false display Less than or Equal to
  Zero on monitor

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Multi-Selection (if/else if/ else .. Structure)
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Multi-Selection (if/else if/ else .. Structure)

• Finding Grade
• 0-49 E
• 50-59 D
• 60-69 C
• 70-79 B
• 80-100 A
• Manual input from keyboard and display on monitor

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case/switch Structure
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case/switch Structure

• Manual input from keyboard and display on monitor
• Choice 1
• Choice 2
• Choice 3
• Choice 4 /

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Repetition

• for
• while
• do .. while/repeat .. until

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while .. Structure
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while .. Structure

• Summations of number 1 10 with while loop

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do while Structure repeat until Structure
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do while Structure repeat until Structure

• Summations of number 1 10 with do-while loop

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for Structure
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for Structure

• Summations of number 1 10 with do-while loop

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exercise

• 1. ?????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  1 50 ????? ?????????? 4.25 ??? 51 100 ?????
  ?????????? 3.25 ??? ??????? 101 ???????????
  ?????????? 2.25 ???

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exercise

• 2.?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????? 1 ?????
  ??????????? ?????? n ??????? 1 - 5 ????????
  ????????????????????? 100 ??? n ??????? 6 - 10
  ???????? ?????????????????? ??? 5 ???????? ???
  ?????????? 80 ??? n ??????? ??????? 11
  ???????????? ?? ?????????????????? ??? 10
  ???????? ????????????? 60 ?

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exercise

• 3.????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ?????????????? ??????
• A 80 100 B 79 - 75
• B 74 70 C 69 - 65
• C 64 60 D 59 - 55
• D 54 50 F 49 - 0
• ??????????????? ??????? 0-100 ????????????