BIOMETRICS

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BIOMETRICS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND
CONSIDERATIONS

• ISACA KAMPALA CHAPTER
• 30TH MAY 2012
• AGUMA MPAIRWE B.A(HONS),CISA,CIA,FCCA.

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PRESENTATION APPROACH

• DEFINITIONS
• KEY CONCEPTS
• APPLICATIONS
• KEY CONSIDERATIONS
• POINTS TO NOTE
• QUESTIONS

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TO NOTE

• THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR
  EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
• ATTRIBUTION IS MADE TO PARTICULAR SOURCES OF
  INFORMATION WHICH SHOULD BE RE-CHECKED FOR
  COMPLETENESS AS CONTENT MAY HAVE BEEN REDUCED FOR
  THE SAKE OF BREVITY.

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DEFINITIONS

• BIOMETRICS AUTOMATED METHODS OF DISCOVERING AN
  INDIVIDUAL BASED ON MEASURABLE BIOLOGICAL AND
  BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS (SOURCE- BIOMETRICS
  .GOV)
• BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC A MEASURABLE
  PHYSIOLOGICAL OR BEHAVIOURAL TRAIT OF A LIVING
  PERSON, ESPECIALLY ONE THAT CAN BE USED TO
  DETERMINE OR VERIFY THE IDENTITY OF A PERSON IN
  ACCESS CONTROL OR CRIMINAL FORENSICS.
  (SOURCE-GARTNER GLOSSARY)

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HOMELAND SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE (HSPD)
24

• BIOMETRICS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING TO
  ENHANCE NATIONAL SECURITY,
• SIGNED BY PRESIDENT BUSH ON JUNE 5, 2008.
• ESTABLISHES A FRAMEWORK TO ENSURE FEDERAL
  DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES USE COMPATIBLE METHODS
  AND PROCEDURES IN THE COLLECTION, STORAGE, USE,
  ANALYSIS, AND SHARING OF BIOMETRIC AND ASSOCIATED
  BIOGRAPHIC AND CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION OF
  INDIVIDUALS IN A LAWFUL AND APPROPRIATE MANNER,
  WHILE RESPECTING PRIVACY AND OTHER LEGAL RIGHTS
  UNDER UNITED STATES LAW.
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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APPLICATIONS - UGANDA

• GENERAL PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROL OFFICES,
  FINGER,THUMB.
• INTERNAL AFFAIRS IMMIGRATION, AIRPORT
  IDENTIFICATION OF PASSPORTHOLDER
  FINGER/PALM/FACE BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION.
• ELECTORAL COMMISSION VOTER REGISTRATION.
• DRIVING PERMIT DRIVER RECOGNITION.
• .

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APPLICATIONS - UGANDA

• VISA APPLICATION UK VISA.
• FINANCIAL SERVICES
• CREDIT REFERENCE BUREAU COMPUSCAN
• MICROFINANCE
• ATM IN ADDITION TO ATM CARD/PIN
• POINT OF SALES TERMINALS
• MOBILE MONEY SERVICES - ENROLLMENT AND
  IDENTIFICATION AT CASHOUT

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KEY CONCEPTS

• CLAIM OF IDENTITY STATEMENT THAT A PERSON IS OR
  IS NOT THE SOURCE OF A REFERENCE IN A DATABASE,
  CAN BE POSITIVE (IN THE DATABASE), NEGATIVE (NOT
  IN THE DATABASE) OR SPECIFIC (I AM USER 123).
• COMPARISION PROCESS OF COMPARING A BIOMETRIC
  REFERENCE WITH A PREVIOUSLY STORED REFERENCE TO
  MAKE AN IDENTIFICATION OR VERIFICATION DECISION.
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• ENROLLMENT PROCESS OF COLLECTING A BIOMETRIC
  SAMPLE FROM AN END USER, CONVERTING IT INTO A
  BIOMETRIC REFERENCE AND STORING IT IN THE
  DATABASE FOR LATER COMPARISION.
• EQUAL ERROR RATE (EER) A STATISTIC USED TO SHOW
  BIOMETRIC PERFORMANCE. THE LOWER THE EER, THE
  HIGHER THE ACCURACCY OF THE SYSTEM.
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• FAILURE TO ACQUIRE FAILURE OF A BIOMETRIC
  SYSTEM TO CAPTURE AND OR EXTRACT USABLE
  INFORMATION FROM A BIOMETRIC SAMPLE
• FAILURE TO ENROL FAILURE OF A BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
  TO FORM A PROPER ENROLLMENT REFERENCE FOR AN END
  USER (TRAINING, SENSOR QUALITY).
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• FALSE ACCEPTANCE RATE THE PERCENTAGE OF TIMES A
  SYSTEM PRODUCES A FALSE ACCEPT AN INDIVIDUAL IS
  INCORRECTLY MATCHED TO ANOTHER INDIVIDUALS
  EXISTING BIOMETRIC. T2
• FALSE ALARM RATE THE PERCENTAGE OF TIMES AN
  ALARM IS INCORRECTLY SOUNDED ON AN INDIVIDUAL
  WHO IS NOT IN THE BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS DATABASE
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• FALSE REJECTION RATE THE PRECENTAGE OF TIMES
  THE SYSTEM PRODUCES A FALSE REJECT. THIS OCCURS
  WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS NOT MATCHED TO HIS/HER OWN
  EXISTING BIOMETRIC TEMPLATE. T1
• ALGORITHM A LIMITED SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONS OR
  STEPS THAT TELLS A COMPUTER HOW TO SOLVE A
  PARTICULAR PROBLEM IMAGE PROCESSING, TEMPLATE
  GENERATION, COMPARISIONS E.T.C
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• VERIFICATION A TASK WHERE BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
  ATTEMPTS TO CONFIRM AN INDIVIDUALS IDENTITY BY
  COMPARING A SUBMITTED SAMPLE TO ONE OR MORE
  PREVIOUSLY ENROLLED TEMPLATES USED TO CONFIRM
  THAT INDIVIDUAL IS ENROLLED AND HAS CLAIMED
  AUTHORISATIONS
• AM I WHO I CLAIM I AM ? SYS ADMIN
• IDENTIFICATION A TASK WHERE A BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
  ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE IDENTITY OF AN
  INDIVIDUAL, A BIOMETRIC IS COLLECTED AND COMPARED
  TO ALL TEMPLATES IN THE DATABASE WHO AM I ? -
• SOURCES (MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ARTICLE,
  BIOMETRICS .GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• IDENTIFICATION CAN BE
• OPEN SET PERSON NOT GUARANTEED TO EXIST IN
  THE DATABASE
• CLOSED SET PERSON IS KNOWN TO EXIST IN THE
  DATABASE
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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KEY CONCEPTS

• FAILURE TO ENROLL RATE (FTER) NUMBER OF
  UNSUCCESSFUL ENROLLMENTS/TOTAL NUMBER OF USERS
  ATTEMPTING TO ENROLL.
• CROSS-OVER ERROR RATE (CER)A MEASURE
  REPRESENTING THE PERCENT AT WHICH FRR EQUALS FAR.
  THIS IS THE POINT ON THE GRAPH WHERE THE FAR AND
  FRR INTERSECT.
• THE CROSS-OVER RATE INDICATES A SYSTEM WITH GOOD
  BALANCE OVER SENSITIVITY AND PERFORMANCE.
• (SOURCE ISACA)

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FAR, FRR, CER COMPARISIONS SOURCE - ISACA
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GENERAL APPLICATIONS

• AS A PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROL
• AS A MECHANISM FOR LOGICAL ACCESS CONTROL
• IN LOGICAL ACCESS CONTROL PART OF IDENTIFICATION
  AND AUTHENTICATION PROCESS

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IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION (I A)

• IN LOGICAL ACCESS CONTROL SOFTWARE, IS THE
  PROCESS OF PROVING ONES IDENTITY
• IDENTIFICATION MEANS BY WHICH USER PROVIDES
  CLAIMED IDENTITY
• HELPS ESTABLISH USER ACCOUNTABILITY
• FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
• SOURCE CISA REVIEW MANUAL 2003

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IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION (I A)

• IS A TECHNICAL MEASURE THAT PREVENTS UNAUTHORISED
  PEOPLE (OR UNAUTHORISED PROCESSES) FROM ENTERING
  A COMPUTER SYSTEM
• I A TECHNIQUES
• SOMETHING YOU KNOW PASSWORD, STATIC PIN
• SOMETHING YOU HAVE TOKEN CARD, PIN GENERATOR
• SOMETHING YOU ARE BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC
• SOURCE CISA REVIEW MANUAL 2003

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BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIERS

• PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOURAL
• FINGERPRINT
• FINGERVEIN
• PALM PRINT
• HAND GEOMETRY

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BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIERS

• IRIS RECOGNITION
• RETINA RECOGNITION
• VOICE RECOGNITION
• SIGNATURE RECOGNITION
• FACE RECOGNITION

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BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIERS

• KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS
• DNA ? DEBATE, AS NOT PERFORMED BY AN AUTOMATED
  METHOD-BIOMETRICS.GOV
• GAIT ? IN DEVELOPMENT / PRACTICAL ??

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FINGER PRINT SOURCE - NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST), USA.
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FINGERPRINT

• ADVANTAGES
• MULTIPLE FINGERS!
• EASY TO USE
• LOW STORAGE SPACE
• LARGE EXISTING DATABASES GLOBALLY FOR WATCHLIST
  CHECKS
• PROVEN EFFECTIVE OVER TIME
• DISADVANTAGES
• PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS CRIMINAL CONNOTATIONS
• HEALTH CONCERNS EBOLA, BIRD FLU
• AGE, OCCUPATION, WEIGHT GAIN, CUTS
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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IRIS - SOURCE - NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS
AND TECHNOLOGY, USA.
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IRIS

• ADVANTAGES
• NO CONTACT REQUIRED
• HIGHLY STABLE OVER TIME
• DISADVANTAGES
• DIFFICULT TO CAPTURE- FOR SOME , TRAINING
• EASILY OBSCURED REFLECTIONS FROM CORNEA,
  EYELIDS, EYELASHES
• PUBLIC FEARS OF SCANNING THE EYE WITH LIGHT
  SOURCE INFRARED LIGHT USED TO ILLUMINATE IRIS
  (SOURCE FINDBIOMETRICS .COM)
• LIMITED EXISTING DATA FOR WATCHLIST CHECKS
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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FACE

• ADVANTAGES
• NO CONTACT
• COMMONLY AVAILABLE SENSORS CAMERA
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF EXISTING DATA
• EASY FOR HUMANS TO VERIFY RESULTS
• DISADVANTAGES
• OBSTRUCTION OF IMAGE BY HAIR, GLASSES, HATS.
• CHANGE OVER TIME
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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VOICE

• ADVANTAGES
• PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
• NO CONTACT REQUIRED
• SENSORS COMMON TELEPHONES, MICROPHONES
• DISADVANTAGES
• NOT SUFFICIENTLY DISTINCTIVE OVER LARGE DATABASES
• (SOURCE BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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DESIRABLE QUALITIES FOR EFFECTIVE BIOMETRIC TRAITS

• UNIQUENESS
• THE TWINS CHALLENGE
• PERMANENCE

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BIOMETRIC ENROLLMENT

• ITERATIVE AVERAGING PROCESS.
• ACQUIRE BIOMETRIC SAMPLE (PHYSICAL /BEHAVIOURAL).
• EXTRACT UNIQUE FEATURES FROM SAMPLE
• FEATURES CONVERTED INTO MATHEMATICAL CODE

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BIOMETRIC ENROLLMENT

• CREATION OF INITIAL TEMPLATE (DIGITAL
  REPRESENTATION OF THE BIOMETRIC)
• COMPARISION OF NEW SAMPLES WITH WHAT HAS BEEN
  STORED
• DEVELOPING FINAL TEMPLATE
• ENCRYPTION
• USE TO IDENTIFY USER
• (e.g. FINGERPRINT latent v Conventional Source
  NIST, BIOMETROCS.GOV)

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ADVANTAGES

• SECURE ?
• CONVINIENT ?
• CANNOT BE STOLEN ?
• CANNOT BE FORGOTTEN
• DIFFICULT TO FORGE
• (SOURCE SMARTCARDALLIANCE)

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LIMITATIONS/VULNERABILITIES

• TEMPLATE SKIMMING
• NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE - FARs/ FRRs
• 10 OF POPULATION HAVE WORN/CUT/UNRECOGNISABLE
  FINGERPRINTS!! SOURCE BIOMETRIC NEWSPORTAL
• BIOMETRIC FEATURES MAY ALTER DEGRADE WITH AGE,
  DISEASE, WEIGHT GAIN

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LIMITATIONS/VULNERABILITIES

• SECURITY RISKS - CAR THEFT!!
• VOICE BIOMETRICS BACKGROUND NOISE
• STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION QUALITY LOSS

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SOLUTIONS

• MULTIMODAL BIOMETRICS USE OF MORE THAN ONE
  BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIER FOR INCREASED ACCURACCY
• COMBINATION OF BIOMETRICS WITH PINS AND TOKENS
• SMARTCARDS ICC, MEMORY, STORAGE OF BIOMETRIC
  TEMPLATES TO AVOID VERIFICATION AT LONG DISTANCE
  HOST
• (SOURCE VARIOUS)

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AUDIT AND CONTROL IMPLICATIONS

• AUDIT CONTROLS IN MATCHING TEMPLATES GENERATED TO
  OTHER DATA CRIMINAL RECORDS, FINANCIAL DEFAULT
  HISTORIES
• IS AUDIT GUIDELINE ISACA G36
• PRIVACY CONCERNS
• INTRUSIVENESS OF DATA COLLECTION
• HEALTH CONCERNS
• SKILL OF SYSTEM USE BY STAFF
• ROBUSTNESS OF TECHNOLOGY RELIABLE
• COST OF DEPLOYMENT
• LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
• RESISTANCE TO CHANGE/USE

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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• COST BENEFIT CONSIDERATIONS
• PRACTICALITY AND EFFICIENCY AIRPORT QUEUES,
  VOTING PROCESSES.
• ACCURACCY FAR, FRR, EER
• CULTURE GLOBAL COMPANIES!
• NON-CO-OPERATION, HEALTH CONCERNS
• (SOURCE NIST, BIOMETRICS.GOV)

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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• WILL IMAGES BE COMPACT ENOUGH FOR EFFECTIVE
  TRANSMISSION ACROSS NETWORKS WITHOUT DEGRADATION?
• WILL IMAGES/TEMPLATES BE COMPACT ENOUGH FOR
  STORAGE ON SMART CARD?
• INTEROPERABILITY AND STANDARDISATION
  IMMIGRATION FACE CAMERA AND FINGER PRINT CAPTURE
  TO SINGLE APPLICATION/DEVICE
• (SOURCE NIST)

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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• INTEROPERABILITY ACROSS GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
• PRIVACY CONCERNS
• DATA SHARING - ACROSS JURISDICTIONS ?
• LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ?
• DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

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.

• QUESTIONS?

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REFERENCES

• CIO MAGAZINE - http//www.cio.com/article/573113/U
  sing_Biometric_Access_Systems_Dos_and_Don_ts?page
  3taxonomyId3092
• BIOMETRICS.GOV http//www.biometrics.gov/
• 2003 CISA REVIEW MANUAL (2003). INFORMATION
  SYSTEMS AUDIT AND CONTROL ASSOSCIATION.
• GARTNER IT GLOSSARY - http//www.gartner.com/it-gl
  ossary/biometrics/
• MULTIMODAL BIOMETRICS BIOMETRIC NEWS PORTAL
  http//www.biometricnewsportal.com/multimodal-biom
  etrics.asp
• NEW NIST BIOMETRIC DATA STANDARD ADDS DNA,
  FOOTMARKS AND ENHANCED FINGERPRINT DESCRIPTIONS-
  http//www.nist.gov/itl/iad/biometric-120611.cfm
• SMARTCARD AND BIOMETRICS - SMARTCARD ALLIANCE
  http//www.smartcardalliance.org/pages/publication
  s-smart-cards-and-biometrics
• IRIS SCANNERS AND RECOGNITION
  http//www.findbiometrics.com/iris-recognition/
• AN OVERVIEW OF BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION
  http//biometrics.cse.msu.edu/info.html
• ISACA AUDIT GUIDELINE 36 BIOMETRICS
  http//www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Standards/Pa
  ges/IS-Auditing-Guideline-G36-Biometric-Controls.a
  spx