CHALLENGES

1
Carbon Capture, Sequestration CDM
Opportunities in Power Sector
Presented By
Dr. V. K. Sethi
Director, UIT, RGPV Head, EEM, RGPV

2
The Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by
Developing world

• Quest for increased Generation capacity -
  Terawatt Challenge
• Climate Change
• - rising GHG level
• Continued focus on coal based generation

3
Government of Indias National Missions

• National Solar Mission 2009
• National Renewable Energy Mission
• A target of 10 of Renewable Energy by 2012
• National Mission on Combating Climate Change
  through Green Clean Power
• National Bio-diesel Mission
• National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation
• National Mission on Clean Coal Technologies for
  Mega Power Generation

4
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission

• Objectives
• To achieve solar energy production at a scale
  which leads to cost reduction and rapid diffusion
  and deployment of solar technologies across the
  country.
• For the purpose set up enabling policy
  environment and regulatory framework.

Road Map
Application Segment Target for Phase I (2010-13) Cumulative Target for Phase 2 (2013-17) Cumulative Target for Phase 3 (2017-22)
Grid Solar Power Including rooftop 1,100 MW 4,000 MW 20,000 MW
Off-grid Solar Applications (Including Rural Solar Lights) 200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
Solar Collectors 7 million sq. meters 15 million sq. meters 20 million sq. meters
5
The National Solar Mission

• The National Solar Mission is a major initiative
  of the Government of India and State Government
  to promote ecologically sustainable growth while
  addressing Indias energy security challenge.
• It will also constitute a major contribution by
  India to the Global efforts to meet the
  challenges of Climate Change

6
Main targets for National mission

• The objective of the National Mission is to
  establish India as a global leader in solar
  energy through
• 20,000MW of installed solar generation capacity
  by 2022.
• Solar cost reduction to achieve grid parity by
  2022.

7
Proposed Milestones for MP

• Phase-I
• Year 2009-2013
• Grid Connected 75MW
• off grid 2MW
• Phase-II
• Year 2013-2017
• Grid Connected 150MW
• off grid 5MW
• Phase-III
• Year 2017-2022
• Grid Connected 750MW
• off grid 25MW

8
Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9 requires
that by the year 2012, we must have installed
capacity at a level of over 2,00,000 MW and by
2050 at the level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion
or Terra Watt This poses a Terra watt
challenges for India.
9

• Green House Gas level rise to a current level of
  390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and
  draughts has affected 260 million people between
  2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of
  these, 98 were in developing nations.
• Developed countries with population of 15 of
  world population have the share of CO2 emissions
  at 50.
• CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of
  330 ppm.
• There is so much momentum in the system that we
  will certainly double CO2 level by end of the
  century.
• Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause
  displacement of over 330 million people in
  developing world.

10

• China and India are projected to account
  for 30 of the worlds increase in
  energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92
  of increase in coal use.
• World Green House inventory is over
  29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US
  over 20 (India with total emission of about
  1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 .)
• Coal is going to remain main stay for power
  generation in at least next Three decades for
  India (99,861 MW Coal based generation out of
  1,56,092 MW total power installed capacity)

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Green House inventory for India for Energy
Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)
Energy Sector CO2 CO2 equivalent (CO2CH4NOX)
Total Emission 834 (58 of total) 928 (64 of total)
Source IAE 1999
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Atmospheric Concentration of GHG increasing

• Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
  have
• increased significantly since industrial
  revolution
• Carbon dioxide 30 Methane 100Nitrous
  oxide 15
• Greenhouse gas concentrations projected to
  reach
• double pre-industrial levels by
  about 2060
• Many greenhouse gases remain in atmosphere for
  a
• longtime (decades to centuries)

13
The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
has confirmed

• The temperature of the earths surface has
  increased by 0.76C over the past century.
• It is very likely (more than 90 probability)
  that most of this global warming was due to
  increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting
  from human activity.
• Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were
  among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental
  record of global surface temperature.
• Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has
  declined in both the hemispheres.
• Best estimate regarding the future changes in
  climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8 and for
  high scenario is 4.0sea level rise

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INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010

• POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY
• 1,56,092 MW 600 Billion kWh per annum
• TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION IN 11TH PLAN
• Central 46,500 MW
• State IPP 41,800 MW
• NCES 10,700 MW
• Nuclear 6,400 MW
• Total 105,400 MW
• BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY
• Over 1000 Billion kWh
• THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit)
• GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010

15
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
Environment

• A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
• To give over one billion people in India the
  minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2010, we
  need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
  equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per
  day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced
  fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting
  GHG emission levels
• By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak
  in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green
  Thermal Power
• Thermal 326,000MW
• Renewable Hydro 104,000 MW
• Nuclear 20,000 MW
• Total 450,000 MW

16
Energy Security Indian Perspective

• AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR
• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
  Technology.
• Promote CCT in countries like India China
  where coal is main stay fuel for Power
  Generation.
• Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy
  Generating Systems.
• Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil
  Fuel Technology.
• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
  Rural Sector

17
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options

• World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US -
  about 3TW, India - 0.156 TW) today to support 10
  billion world population. This is Equivalent
  to230 million barrels of oil /day.
• By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
  world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to
  stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
• Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
  solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
  challenge and at the same time contribute to the
  reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
  TW of global incident sunlight.

18
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2
OptionsContd.

• Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
  atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
  viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2
  capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to
  stay for millennia.
• In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a
  decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal
  Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables.
• Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this
  challenge to some extent.

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POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

•  Installed capacity in Utilities as on
  December 09
• 
  1, 56,092 MW
• Thermal Installed Capacity99,861 MW
• (Coal 81,605 MW, Gas 17,055 MW, Diesel 1201
  MW Others- cogen etc.)
• Hydro Power 36, 885 MW
• Nuclear Power 4120 MW
• Renewable Energy Sources 15,226 MW
• No. of Villages Electrified 4,98,286
• Length of Trans. Lines 64,97,727 kM
• Total energy generation 587 billion kWh
• Per Capita Energy Consumption 606 kWh

20
NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)
21
INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER
DEVELOPMENT

• Total Installed Capacity 1,56,092 MW
• Thermal Generation over 64
• Although no GHG reduction targets for India but
  taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy
  Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal
  beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization
• Under Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism
  (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation,
  while promoting sustainable development as per
  Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

22
FRONTALS IN ENERGY ENVIRONMENT

• GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES PRIMARILY THE
• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
• ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER
  PLANTS INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
• AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

23

• There are three main techniques for Capture of
  CO2 in Power Generation
• Post-combustion capture
• Pre-combustion capture
• Oxy-fuel combustion

24
Techniques for removal of CO2 from Flue Gas

• Carbon dioxide can be removed from flue gas and
  waste gas streams produced from carbon usage by
  various methods.
• Absorption with a solvent,
• Membrane separation,
• Cryogenic fractionation,
• Adsorption using molecular sieves.
• Capture of CO2 from absorption method is most
  widely used technique.

25
Absorption Approach Using Chemical Solvents

• CO2 can be removed from flue gases using
  solvents that rely on chemical or physical
  absorption.
• The most common solvents used for neutralizing
  CO2 in chemical absorption systems are
  alkanol-amines such as mono-ethanol-amine (MEA),
  di-ethanol-amine (DEA), and methyl-di-ethanol-ami
  ne (MDEA).
• Chemical absorption with MEA solvent is the
  most common
• capture technology, is readily available and
  can be integrated
• into new plants.

• Prior to CO2 removal, the flue gas is typically
  cooled, then treated to reduce particulars and
  other impurities. It is then passed in to
  absorption tower where it comes in contact with
  the absorption solution.

26
Carbon Capture Sequestration

• Indias position with regard to Carbon Capture
  Storage (CCS) is very clear. We dont make any
  commitment at this stage regarding deployment of
  CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly
  the Carbon Capture Sequestration.
• Some of the demo pilot projects include.
• -Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration
  in basalt rock formation. The question of
  adoption of CCS will depend on this technology
  being cost effective.
• -Projects under DST sponsored National Program
  on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

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• Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 500 kg/
  day
• Source of CO2
• - Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam
  Biomass Gasifier of 10kW
• Solvent used for capture of CO2
• Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)
• SOx NOx Removal
• NaHCO3
• Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit
• - For Methane.... Input CO and
  H2, Catalyst
• - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and
  Steam, Catalyst
• - For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C
  Lignite

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CO2 mitigation Options Case of Electricity Sector

• Coal Dominates the electricity sector today
• Fuel switching (Coal NG)
• Conventional Plants Carbon Capture
  Sequestration (CCS)
• (Post Combustion CO2 Capture)
• Gasification/ Reforming CCS
• (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture)
• Oxyfuel Combustion CCS

30
Kyoto Back-ground

• 1992 United Nations Framework convention on
  Climate Change, adopted by most of the countries
  at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
• 1997Kyoto Protocol was adopted
• An important step towards stabilization of GHG
  concentration to prevent dangerous impacts on
  climate system
• Industrialized countries are required to reduce
  their combined GHG emissions by at least 5.2
  compared to 1990 levels by the first commitment
  period(2008-2012)
• 2005Kyoto protocol entered into force
• Met 55 / 55condition, after ratification by the
  Russian Federation
• Is now fully operational

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Kyoto Protocol Mechanism

• Joint Implementation (Article 6)
• Emission reduction arising from project
  investment in other developed countries (with own
  emission targets)
• Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12)
• Emission reduction arising from project
  investments in developing countries (don't have
  emission targets)
• Emission Trading (Article 17)
• Portions of developed countrys emission
  allowances can be bought ? Sold in international
  C trading market. A Supplement to domestic action.

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Strategic Response

• Prevention
• - Energy Conservation
• - Green practices, change in lifestyle
• Abatement
• - GHG emission mitigation through
• Improved energy efficiency
• Cleaner energy sources / technologies
• Preventing deforestation
• Reducing methane emission (by improved
  Waste management practices)

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Where is CDM Applicable ?

• Renewable Energy Wind, Solar, Biomass, Hydel
  power
• Fuel switching Fossil fuels to green fuel
• Energy efficiency measures related to
  Boilers,pumps,turbines,cooling system etc.
• Introduction of new, efficient power generation
  technologies Reduction in technical TD losses
• Improved waste management
  practiesese.g.Capturing landfill methane for
  power generation
• Transport Modal shift , fuel switch
• ForestryAfforestration

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CDM Disqualifiers

• Emission reduction from Nuclear facilities
• A diversion of official development assistance
  (ODA) from Annex I countries
• Any other type of sequestration activities apart
  from afforestation and reforerstation!
  

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CDM- A WIN-WIN SITUATION
Industrialized countries (AI)

• To assist in meeting their emission limitation
  commitments

Investors
Project proponents
CDM project activity
(private business, governments, NGOs)
(private business, governments, NGOs)
Developing countries (Non-AI)

• To assist in achieving
• sustainable development

36
What makes a project activity a CDM project
activity?
GHG
What would have happened situation
(fictitious situation) baseline
CERs
CDM project activity
time
Start of CDM project activity
GHG Greenhouse gas emissions CERs certified
emissions reduction
37
CDM Projects Status

• Total projects registered by EB 1000
• Equivalent CERs 340 Million
• Projects from India 47 ( 30)
• Total Baseline Methodologies approved gt 50
• Majority of the projects Biomass energy
• Majority of CERs generated HFC oxidation

38
Typical CDM Projects Categories in India

• Renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, biomass,
  hydro)
• Fuel switching (e.g. oil to gas, coal to gas)
• Energy efficiency (e.g. lighting, insulation,
  process optimization)
• Waste processing (e.g. land fill gas extraction,
  waste incineration)
• Waste heat recovery projects including power
  generation
• Energy saving by elimination of reheating
  processes
• Thermal oxidation of HFC
• Afforestation

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Towards 2012 and Beyond

• Continue to mobilize private sector participation
  in the CDM, willing to respond positively to CDM
  criteria
• Encourage CDM participation of large public
  sector emitters (e.g. power transport sector)
  possibly in sector CDM arrangements
• Information infrastructure to support a
  functioning market e.g. baseline for major
  sectors like Power, Cement, Iron and Steel
• Explore opportunities for sector trading schemes
  (Sectoral Programmatic CDM )
• Integration of GHG emission reduction activities
  and national development programmes

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Mission Energy Security and Energy independence

• Climate Change Natures Fury
• Solar for irrigation
• High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
• Hydrogen as Fuel for future
• Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
  Reactor
• Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
• Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
• Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
  by2030
• .Reference Address by President of India 14th
  Aug 2005

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Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for
11th 12th Plans

• Supercritical Power Plants
• Integrated Gasification Combined
• Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
• Circulating Fluidized Bed
• Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

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SUPER CRITICAL UNITS

• Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC
• Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
• Common Off site facility
• FW Temperature 270 oC 275 oC with 6 Heaters.
• Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW
• Number of Units 22 Units
• Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

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Main advantages of Super-Critical Steam Cycle

• Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal
  efficiency
• Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15 per unit of
  Power generated compared to sub-critical
• Very good part load efficiencies
• Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

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Current State-of-Art

• Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
• Pressure - 300 bar
• Temperature - 600oC
• Efficiency - 45 (LHV Basis)
• Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC
• By the year 2005 - 620 oC
• By the year 2020 - 650-700 oC
• Cycle Efficiency - 50-55

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• IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
• Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of
  utilization of coal, while combined cycle power
  generation gives the highest efficiency.
• Integration of these two technologies in IGCC
  power generation offers the benefits of very low
  emissions and efficiencies of the order of
  44-48.
• The comparative indices show that in case of
  IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are
• 7.1, 20 and 16, respectively, of the
  corresponding emissions from PC plant.
• - Three major areas of technology that will
  contribute to improvements in IGCC are
• hot gas de-sulfurisation
• hot gas particulate removal
• advanced turbine systems

46
IGCC
47
Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion

• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)
  technology has selectively been applied in India
  for firing high sulphur refinery residues,
  lignite, etc.
• CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant
  Technology
• Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture
  SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

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CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies

• At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are
  less costly than prevailing IGCC technology.
  However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more
  economical when using high sulfur lignite and
  low-grade coals and rejects.

50
Green Energy solutions

• Promote CCT in countries like India China
  where coal is main stay fuel for Power
  Generation.
• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology
• Energy Farming
• Energy Efficiency
• Major shift towards Green Technologies
• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
  Rural Sector

51
Coming back to CDM as applied to Energy Sector
CCTs Sector wise CDM Potential is given in the
Table 01 below
Table 01
S.No. Sector GHG emission
1. Power 51
2. Transport 16
3. Steel 10
4. Cement 04
5. Chemicals 03
6. Others 15
52
Weighted average emission factor, simple
Operating Margin (OM), Build Margin (BM) and
Combined Margin (CM) of all Indian Regional Grids
in t CO2 / MWh
Average OM BM CM
North 0.72 0.99 0.60 0.80
East 1.05 1.13 0.97 1.05
South 0.74 1.01 0.71 0.86
West 0.88 0.99 0.63 0.81
North East 0.33 0.70 0.15 0.42
India 0.81 1.02 0.68 0.85
OM is the average emission from all the stations
excluding the low cost/ must run sources. BM is
the average emission of the 20 (by net
generation) most recent capacity addition in the
grid. CM is a weighted average of the OM and BM
(here weighted 5050)
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Table 03
Technology-wise expected CDM funds flow.
S. No Sector Sector Expected Carbon reduction (MT/Yr) CDM Flow Million US/Yr
1. Renewable Energy Renewable Energy 60 660
2. Coal Based IGCC Power Plant Coal Based IGCC Power Plant 05 55
3. Agriculture-Energy Efficiency Agriculture-Energy Efficiency 18 198
4. TD loss reduction TD loss reduction 32 352
5. Energy in Industries Efficiency Caustic Soda 0.12 1.32
Energy in Industries Efficiency Cement 1.1 12.1
Energy in Industries Efficiency Aluminum -- --
6. Municipal Solid Waste Management Municipal Solid Waste Management -- --
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Table 04
Potential CDM Projects for India targeted to meet
National Mitigation targets
GHG mitigation option Abatement cost range National mitigation potential (thousand tons of CO2)
Mega Power Generation Mega Power Generation Mega Power Generation
Renovation modernization High 8579
Fluidized bed combustion Low 8166
Integrated gasification combined cycle High 14610 (large potential)
Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Wind power (grid-connected) High 526
Wind based water pumps Medium lt1
Solar thermal power (grid connected) High 300
Industrial efficiency Industrial efficiency Industrial efficiency
Iron Steel-dry coke quenching Low 950
Pulp Paper Medium 904
Replacement of Industrial Motors Medium 36
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Table 05 Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide)
mitigation options in India
Technology Greenhouse gas emission reduction Investment cost Cost-effectiveness (dollars/tonne CO2)
Green Power generation Green Power generation Green Power generation Green Power generation
Cogeneration 1.50 kg/kWh 900 dollars/kW 10 (most cost effective)
Combined cycle 0.96 kg/kWh 818 dollars/kW 54 (cost effective)
Inter-cooled steam-injected gas turbine 0.76 kg/kWh 947 dollars/kW 77
Pressurized fluidized bed combustion 0.18 kg/kWh 1894 dollars/kW 503
Integrated gasification combined cycle 0.23 kg/kWh 1578 dollars/kW 340 (at par)
Pulverized coal super-critical boilers 0.18 kg/kWh 1202 dollars/kW 342 (at par)
Coal washing 0.125 kg/kWh 11 dollars/kW 179
CFBC 0.20 kg/kWh 1000 dollars/kW 250
Renewable energy for power Renewable energy for power Renewable energy for power Renewable energy for power
small hydro 1.3 kg/kWh 1950 dollars/kW 88 (cost effective)
wind farms 1.3 kg/kWh 1405 dollars/kW 257
Biomass 1.6 kg/kWh 710 dollars/kW 102 (cost effective)
Solar thermal 1.3 kg/kWh 3730 dollars/kW 592
Solar PV (photovoltaic) 1.6 kg/kWh 5952 dollars/kW 541
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Issues before the house

• Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2
  capture and Clean Coal Technologies
• Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells
• Bringing Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation
  on the top of the National Agenda
• Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
  Energy Efficiency and Green Environment
  initiatives.
• Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and
  Green Technologies need to be redefined.

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RGTU INITIATIVES

• Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar Biomass has
  been setup which will pave way for sustainable
  power supply for variety of biomass fuels
  environment limitations.
• Biomass Gasifier (10kW) Bio-diesel Plant (100
  LPD) has been commissioned
• Green Energy Technology Center has been set up to
  focus on following areas
• - Clean Coal Technology CDM
• - Bio-fuels and bio-diesel
• - Renewable Energy devices (hybrid)
  targeted to produce 1 MW Power for the campus
• - Energy Conservation Management
• - CO2 Sequestration CO2 capture
  technologies
• .

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Impact Green Projects at RGTU

• CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of
  Multi-purpose fuels Hydrogen, Methane and
  Biodiesel through Algae route
• Production of CNG from Coalgasification route
• Solar, Wind Biomass Hybrid System
• 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of
  RGTU
• High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel
  production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel
  reactors

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CO2 Sequestration Plant at Energy Park, RGPV