War and Animal Welfare ???????

1
War and Animal Welfare???????

• Module 34
• ??34

2
Learning objectives????

• To illustrate some impacts of war on animals
  ?????????????
• To identify why legislative and social
  protection for animals break down during war
  ??????????????????????

3
Animals in war??????
4
Current usage of animals in war???????????

• Transport and pack animals ???????
• For food, often killed locally as
  bushmeat??????????????
• Tracking, guard and search animals?????????
• For messaging (carrier pigeons, dog cable
  layers)????(???????)
• Drugs detection ????
• For (unintentional and intentional) mine and
  unexploded munitions clearance(??????)???????????
• As marine agents cetaceans and sea
  lions???? ?????
• For testing of weapons and chemical
  agents?????????

5
Transport and pack animals???????
6
Killed for food bushmeat?????-??

• Many farmed and wild animals are killed by
  soldiers for food
• ???????????????????
• There may be a collapse of the social and
  legislative infrastructures which protect these
  animals during peacetime????????????????????

7
Food, finances and famine an example from
Angola????????-??????

• Nearly 100,000 elephants were killed in Angola
  during 25 years of civil war, many by landmines
• ?10????????25???????,??????
• Ivory was sold to finance the war
• ?????????
• Cape buffalo were killed for food and almost
  eliminated ???????????????

8
Tracking, guard and search animals??,?????

• Issues ??
• Longevity ??
• Training regimes
• ????
• Housing conditions ????
• Injury ??

9
Mines and unexploded munitions clearance??????????
?

• There are believed to be about 70 million
  untraced mines throughout the world
• ????7??????????
• It is estimated that 600,000 animals and 25,000
  people are killed or injured by mines each year
• ??????60?????2?5???????
• The United Nations Development Programme and the
  US Department of State formed the K-9 De-mining
  Corps which uses dogs to sniff out mines
• ?????????????????????????K-9 De-mining Corps

10
Marine military agents??????
US Navy Marine Mammal Programme?????????????
11
For testing of weapons and chemical agents
?????????

• Burns and blasts ?????
• Radiation ??
• Diseases ??
• Wounding??
• Weapons testing for safety (killing animals,
  usually pigs)
• ???????(???,????)

12
Utilitarian ethics in relation to military
testing?????????????

• Humans wish to be protected from some of the
  potential hazards of war by testing these hazards
  on animals ????????????????????????
• Animals have some basic needs
• ?????????
• Principles ??
• The wishes of the humans should not ignore the
  basic needs of the animals
• ????????????????
• The benefit to the people should justify the
  cost to the animals
• ????????????????

13
Animals as victims of war??????????-??

• Death and injury during military action by
  shooting, bombing, mines, fire, poisoning
• ????????,??,??,?????????

14
Animal losses during conflict Kuwait
1990-1991??????????????????

• In Kuwait, during the Iraqi occupation between
  August 1990 and March 1991 ?1990?8??1991?3?,?????
  ???????
• The dairy population of 15,000 cows was reduced
  to 2,500 1?5???????2?5??
• The normal population of 800,000 sheep was
  reduced to 10,000 ????????80?????1??
• Of 8,000 camels, only 2,000 survived the conflict
  
• 8????,??2????????
• Of 3,000 horses, fewer than 500 survived
• 3???,???5????

15
Animal losses during conflict wild animals in
Kuwait??????????????????
16
War - collapsing infrastructures??-???????
If the veterinary support and infrastructure
which supports both the animals and the local
people is damaged, animals are likely suffer in
competition for resources ??????????????????,?????
????????
17
Zoos collapsing infrastructures???-???????

• Exotic animals cannot be released to fend for
  themselves
• ??????????????

18
Rescue, feed and support??,??,???

• Several international organisations rescue, feed
  and support animals displaced or threatened by
  war
• ????????????????????????????????

19
Animals may require rescue from war?????????
20
Transport and logistics?????
21
Geneva conventions protect people (not animals)
during war?????????????(?????)

• Four conventions (Geneva, August 12, 1949) ????
• I and II For the amelioration of the condition
  of the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked in armed
  forces on land and sea.
• ??1?2????????????????????????
• III Treatment of prisoners of war.
• ??3???????
• IV Protection of civilians in Time of War.
• ??4?????????

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Conventions continued??-???

• Some conventions could protect animals and
  habitats. E.g. 1976 Convention on the
  Prohibition of Military or Other Hostile Use of
  Environmental Modification Techniques
• ???????????????????????1976??
  ?????????????????????????
• Care shall be taken in warfare to protect the
  natural environment against widespread, long-term
  and severe damage damage
• ?????????????????????????
• Prohibits the use of methods or means of warfare
  which are intended or may be expected to cause
  such damage to the natural environment
• ??????????????????????????

23
Animals in war memorial monument????????

• Animals and wall with inscription
• ????????

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Conclusions ??

• Chaos, and the breakdown in control that comes
  with war, make enforcement of many of the ideals
  of these conventions difficult ???????????????,???
  ??????????
• The outcome of this chaos is that animal
  protection usually fails during war
• ?????????,??????????????
• Animals caught up in war experience poor welfare,
  including starvation, neglect, injury and often
  experience an inhumane death ????????????????-????
  ????????????????

25
Further Reading

• ARKIN, W., 1991 Modern warfare and the
  environment, a case study of the Gulf war.
  Greenpeace, May 1991
• BURNAM, J.C., 2003 A Soldier's Best Friend
  Scout Dogs and Their Handlers in the Vietnam War.
  Carroll Graf Publishers
• GARDINER J 2007. The Animals War. Animals in
  Wartime from the First World War to the Present
  Day. London Imperial Museum.
• GENEVA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HUMANITARIAN
  DEMINING. Mine Detection Dogs. Available on
  http//www.gichd.org/links-information-database/te
  chnologies/?tx_gichd_pi1technology_subject_id3

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Further Reading

• STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
  1976 Ecological consequences of the second
  Indochina war. Stockholm Alquist- Wiksell
• WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE, 1991 Gulf
  war impact on marine environment and species.
  Cambridge, UK.