Human Body Systems

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Human Body Systems
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Human Body SystemsTHE DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER WAY

• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Integumentary
• Immune
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Circulatory
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Excretory
• Reproductive

And Levels of Organization
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Believe it or not, you are organized!
http//www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg

• The main levels of organization are
• Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You
  (the Organism).

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Can you identify label the 3 levels of
organization shown here?
Well, at least your body is!
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Levels of Organization The Human Body has
several layers of organization beginning with
the simplest and becoming more complex.
Answers to previous slide cell, tissue, organ
(small intestine).
http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/leve
ls.jpg
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Here They Are Your Body Systems (Part 1).
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/147a.gif
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And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http//www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19
/lect_19.htm
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So Lets Begin!
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Digestive System
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Your digestive system is like a complicated
chemical processing plant, and performs many
functions.
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What major tasks does your digestive system help
you accomplish?
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Your Digestive System

• breaks down food into molecules the body can
  absorb.
• passes these molecules into the blood to be
  carried throughout the body.
• works to eliminate solid wastes from the body.

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The Parts of Your Digestive System
How well do you know them?
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Label the parts of your digestive system on your
handout then correct them using the following
slide.
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Parts of Your Digestive System
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Now for the Digestive Journey
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The Digestive Journey

• Digestion begins in your mouth with action of
  your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and
  your salivary glands (chemical digestion).
• The salivary glands produce enzymes that are
  mixed with the food, breaking down the starches.
  Peristalsis is the muscular action that moves the
  food through the esophagus and into your stomach
  after you swallow.

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Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains
chemicals that break down biomolecules like
proteins and lipids. Your stomach releases these
materials into the upper small intestine
(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your
stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to
protect it form the acids and to keep it from
digesting itself!
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By the way, your stomach really does look like a
muscular bag!
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Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your abdomen,
your liver is the largest organ of your body. It
is like a busy chemical factory that plays many
roles such as breaking down toxins and producing
bile--a substance that helps break down fat. The
bile is stored in the gall bladder. The pancreas
lies between the stomach and the duodenum and
produces enzymes that flow into the small
intestines, helping to break up complex starches,
proteins, and fats.
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Your Small Large Intestines
After the solid food has been digested it passes
into the small intestines. In the small
intestines all the nutrients are absorbed leaving
undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the
large intestines, where water is removed. Then
the wastes are stored in the rectum until they
are released by the anus as feces.
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Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption
of food and nutrients. On the left you see how
the villi line your small intestines, and on the
right you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
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Its a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!

• The human large intestine, or colon, is home to
  many microorganisms, such as the bacterium
  Escherischia coli (E. coli). Certain foods
  contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our
  digestive enzymes cannot break down.
• When these carbohydrates reach the large
  intestine, our gut microbes respond by "having a
  party (reproducing rapidly, giving off gases
  such as methane and hydrogen sulfide as natural
  by-products of their activities). This is the
  cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated
  with eating beans, cabbage, and other
  gas-promoting foods.

Web Sources and Resources http//www.colorado.e
du/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Respiratory
System
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The Functions of Your Respiratory System

• Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the
  outside environment into your body. It also
  removes carbon dioxide and water from your body
  (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles that
  carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).

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The Path of Air
Please label the parts of your respiratory system
on your handout. Can you describe the path that
air takes as it enters and leaves your body?
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Check Your Answers Here.
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How You Breathe 1 The Diaphragm
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How You Breathe 2 The Alveoli
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The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working
Together.

• Working together the respiratory and circulatory
  systems form the cardio-pulmonary system, which
  is an integral connection between the heart and
  lungs.

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The Cardio-Pulmonary System
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Respiratory Disease Pneumonia

• Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the
  lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or
  virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling
  vomit or other foreign substances.

Web Sources and Resources www.medimagery.com/Respi
ration/ lungs.html
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Respiratory Disease Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage
smoking can do over time to your respiratory
system.
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X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and
radiation are some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources www.smm.org/heart/lesson
s/ lesson11.htm
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Please Take Care of Your Lungs and Dont Smoke
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Science
Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Integumentary
System
(Its Your Skin!)
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Your skin .

• Covers your body
• Prevents water loss
• Protects the body from injury and infection
• eliminates wastes

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Your skin .

• gathers information about the environment
• produces vitamin D
• Helps regulate body temperature
• The skin is organized into two main layers, the
  epidermis and the dermis.

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Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
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Skin Anatomy
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What is Botox?
Botox is the commercial name given to a toxin
which is produced from botulism toxin. Botox is
injected into a muscle to cause temporary
(months) paralysis of that muscle. This helps
prevent the appearance of wrinkles.
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Immune System
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Your Immune System

• Your Immune system protects you from foreign
  invaders. Special cells react to each kind of
  pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at
  that pathogen.

http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpre
s/introduction.html
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Your Immune System Has Many Specialized Cells!

• White blood cells that target specific pathogens
  are called lymphocytes. There are two major kinds
  of lymphocytesT cells and B cells.
• T cells identify pathogens.
• B cells produce chemicals called antibodies.

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How Your Immune System Works

• Our immune system protects us against threats.
  These include viruses, bacteria and parasites
  causing infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to
  full-blown malaria. The white blood cells of the
  defense system are produced in the marrow of our
  bones. The cells are carried in the blood to
  specialized organs, where they develop and
  communicate to launch immune responses against
  infections.
• http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpre
  s/introduction.html

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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Lymphatic
System
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The Functions of Your Lymphatic System

• Your lymphatic system and the cardiovascular
  system are closely related systems that are
  joined by a capillary system. The lymphatic
  system is important to the body's defense
  mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause
  disease, produces certain white blood cells and
  makes antibodies. It is also important for the
  distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body,
  because it drains excess fluids and protein so
  that tissues do not swell up.

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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Muscular System
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Types of Muscles

• Your body has three types of muscle
  tissueskeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and
  cardiac muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle

• Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of
  your skeleton. A tendon is a strong connective
  tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note
  ligaments connect bones together.

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Smooth Muscle

• Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles
  because they work automatically.

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Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found
  only in the heart. Cardiac muscles do not get
  tired.

A Cardiac Muscle Cell
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Voluntary Muscles

• The muscles that you directly control are called
  voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages
  in a book are actions of voluntary muscles

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Involuntary Muscle Action

• The muscles that are not under your conscious
  control are called involuntary muscles. Your
  colon (left) is lined with smooth muscle, and
  your heart (right) is comprised of cardiac muscle
  which works automatically pumping blood around
  your body.

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How Do Muscles Work?

• Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter
  and thicker. Because muscle cells can only
  contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work
  in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other
  muscle in the pair returns to its normal length.
• For example, in order to move the lower arm, the
  biceps muscle contracts to bend the elbow. To
  straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle
  contracts while the biceps returns to normal.

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Anatomy Of A Muscle
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Can You Name the Major Muscles of your Body. Try
It!
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Some More Muscles
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Some Major Voluntary Muscles
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Some Really Big Muscles!
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Skeletal System
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Your Skeletons Functions

• Your skeleton has five major functions
• provides shape and support
• enables you to move
• protects your internal organs
• produces blood cells
• stores certain materials until your body needs
  them

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The Structure of Bone

• A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone
  except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter
  and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath
  the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is
  hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run
  through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels
  and nerves from the bones surface to the living
  cells within the bone. Just inside the compact
  bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many
  small spaces within it.

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Bone Anatomy
Bone cells are called osteocytes
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Cartilage

• Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones
  or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone,
  as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of
  your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop
  growing, most of the cartilage will have been
  replaced with hard bone tissue.

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Joints

• A joint is a place in the body where two bones
  come together. Joints allow bones to move in
  different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in
  a way that allows little or no movement. Movable
  joints allow the body to make a wide range of
  movements. Movable joints include ball-and-
  socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and
  gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are
  held together by a strong connective tissue
  called a ligament.

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Take Care of Your Bones!

• A combination of a balanced diet and regular
  exercise can start you on the way to a lifetime
  of healthy bones.

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Do You Know Your Bones?

• Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
  handout, and check the following slide for the
  answers.

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Label the missing Bones
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How Did You Do?
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Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become
  fragile and more likely to break. A healthy diet
  rich in Calcium can help prevent osteoporosis.

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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Circulatory
System
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Your Circulatory System is Responsible for
Delivering and Removing Materials from Every Cell
in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body
Quicklinks
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Blood

• Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen
  from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide
  from body tissue to the lungs.
• Because it contains living cells, blood is alive.
  Red blood cells and white blood cells are
  responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and
  protecting the body.
• About half of blood is plasma, a straw-colored
  clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid
  cells and the platelets which help blood clot.
  Without blood platelets, you would bleed to
  death.

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Can You Name The Major Parts of Your Heart and
Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
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Now Check To See How You Did.
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Heart Dissections

• Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!

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Amazing Heart Facts

• Put your hand on your heart. Did you place your
  hand on the left side of your chest? Many people
  do, but the heart is actually located almost in
  the center of the chest, between the lungs. It's
  tipped slightly so that a part of it sticks out
  and taps against the left side of the chest,
  which is what makes it seem as though it is
  located there.

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Amazing Heart Facts
Hold out your hand and make a fist. If you're a
kid, your heart is about the same size as your
fist, and if you're an adult, it's about the same
size as two fists.

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Amazing Heart Facts

• Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one day
  and about 35 million times in a year. During an
  average lifetime, the human heart will beat more
  than 2.5 billion times.

The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is
almost the diameter of a garden hose. Capillaries
are the smallest blood vessels. They are so small
that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness
of a human hair.
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Its on to the Nervous System
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Nervous System

• Your nervous system receives information about
  what is happening both inside and outside your
  body. It also directs the way in which your body
  responds to this information. In addition, the
  nervous system helps maintain homeostasis.

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Your Nervous System

• Your nervous system consists of the central and
  peripheral systems. The central nervous system
  (CNS), includes the brain and spinal cord the
  peripheral system includes the nerves to the rest
  of the body.

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What Is Homeostasis?

• Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of the
  internal environment within tolerable limits.
• Factors that affect homeostasis in our body
  include
• Temperature
• Salinity (salt content)
• Acidity
• Concentrations of nutrients and wastes

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Homeostasis in the Human Body

• When a change occurs in the body, there are two
  general ways that the body can respond
• negative feedback--the body responds in a way
  that reverses the change. Because this tends to
  keep things constant, it allows us to maintain
  homeostasis.
• positive feedback--the response is to change the
  variable even more in the same direction. This
  causes instability, so it does not result in
  homeostasis.

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Negative Feedback

• To illustrate negative feedback, we can use the
  example of a driver trying to stay near the speed
  limit. The speed goal is 55 mph. The control
  center monitors the speed change and compares it
  with the goal speed goal. Here, the control
  center is the driver. If the speed changes from
  the speed goal, the control center (driver) will
  reverse the change.

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Negative Feedback in your body

• The body temperature goal is 98.6 degrees.
• for body temperature, the control center is the
  brain.
• To control body temperature, the brain sends
  messages to glands to produce sweat and to
  muscles that shiver.

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Neurons

• The cells that carry information through your
  nervous system are called neurons. A neuron has
  a large cell body that contains the nucleus. The
  cell body has threadlike extensions. One kind of
  extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward
  the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from
  the cell body.

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The Anatomy of a Neuron
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A NEURON viewed under a electron microscope. Can
you locate the cell body, axon, and dendrites?
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Central Peripheral Nervous Systems Working
Together

• The yellow parts are CNS parts and the purple are
  parts of your peripheral nervous system.

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Your Brain- The Command Center

• The human brain is a complex organ that allows
  us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and
  smell. It controls our body, receives
  information, analyzes information, and stores
  information (our memories).

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Most nerve signals are interpreted by your brain
and motor nerves then carry out your instructions.
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The Stroop Effect- Your Brain Can Get Confused!

• TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named
  after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this
  strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your
  job name the colors of the following words. Do
  NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the
  words. For example, for the word BLUE, you should
  say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It
  is not as easy as you might think!

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Major Brain Sections
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
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Your Brain Has Very Complicated Anatomy All Its
Own!
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Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and the others
are plugged into the matrix through their CNS
!(Central Nervous System)
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Your Senses Are Your Nervous Systems Bridge to
the Outside World
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Science
Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
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Quick Quiz

• How well do you know your own nervous system?
  Fill in the blanks on the slides that follow.
  Then go back and check your work if needed.

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Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Endocrine
System

• The endocrine system is a collection of special
  organs in the body that produce hormones. These
  organs are usually called the "glands." They are
  located in different parts of the body. For
  example, the pituitary is in the brain, the
  thyroid is in the neck, the adrenal glands are
  just alone the kidneys and the sexual glands
  (ovaries and testes) are located in the sexual
  organs. Each gland produces a hormone into the
  blood, which travels all through the body.
  Hormones regulate our body activities, for
  example growth, sleep, sudden actions, feelings
  and blood sugar for energy.

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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Excretory
System

• Your excretory system collects wastes produced by
  cells and removes these wastes from your body.
  The removal process is known as excretion.

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The Kidneys

• The two kidneys are the major organs of the
  excretory system. The kidneys filter your blood
  and remove urea, excess water, and some other
  waste materials from your blood. Urea is a
  chemical that comes from the breakdown of
  proteins. The filtering process produces a watery
  fluid called urine.

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Your Excretory System
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Kidney Stones

• Kidney stones are created when certain substances
  in urine -- including calcium and uric acid --
  crystallize and the crystals clump together.
  Usually, they form in the center of the kidney,
  where urine collects before flowing into the
  ureter, the tube that leads to the bladder. Small
  stones are able to pass out of the body in the
  urine and often go completely unnoticed. But
  larger stones irritate and stretch the ureter as
  they move toward the bladder, causing
  excruciating pain and blocking the flow of urine.

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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Reproductive
System
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The Female Reproductive System

• The role of the female reproductive system is to
  produce eggs, and if an egg is fertilized, to
  nourish a developing baby until birth.

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The Menstrual Cycle

• During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an
  ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for
  the arrival of the fertilized egg. Once the egg
  is released, it can be fertilized for the next
  few days if sperm are present in the oviduct. If
  the egg is not fertilized, it begins to break
  down, and it passes out of the vagina along with
  some tissue from the lining of the uterus in a
  process called menstruation.

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Can you name the parts of the female reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
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The Female Reproductive System
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The Male Reproductive System

• Produces sperm- tiny gametes containing
  chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the egg,
  and the hormone testosterone, which controls the
  development of the males physical
  characteristics.

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Can you name the parts of the male reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
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The Male Reproductive System
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Fertilization

• Takes place when sperm egg merge.

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Thank You For Visiting Human Body Systems by DR.
I.I.L. MCSNEER!