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?????(2) Medicine:its past, present and future

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Title: ?????(2) Medicine:its past, present and future


1
?????(2)Medicineits past, present and future
  • ??????? ? ?

2
What is Medicine?
  • ?? ???????????????????,??
  • ??????(??, 1979,1989,1999 ?)
  • Medicine the art and science concerned with
    the maintenance of health and the prevention,
    alleviation or cure of disease (Encyclopedia
    Britannica)
  • Medicine is the most humane of sciences,
    the most empiric of arts, and the most scientific
    of the humanities (Edmund
    Pellegrino)

3
? ? ? ? The Origin of Medicine
  • ???? (?????)
  • ????? myths and legends
  • ???? archeological discovery

4
?????????
Aesculapius God of Medicine,Son of
Apollo,Benefactor of Humankind
??Chiron???????Aesculapius Chiron-chirurgeon
-surgeon
5
?????????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????,?????????????????????????????
    ?,?????????????????????????,????,????
    ?????????????
  • Two daughters
  • Hygeia (hygiene, ??)  
  • Panacea (panacea???)


6
caduceus
Caduceus
Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia, God of messenger
(Mercury)
7
?????????
  • ????-???(??)
  • ????????,?????,??????,????,????????
    ?????????????????????,??????,???????????,????
    ???,???????

8
?????????
  • ?????

??? ????,????,?????
???????????
9
?????????
  • ????-??
  • ?????????,??,????????,??????????????????????
    ???????????,???????????

10
?????????
  • ??-????
  • ????????????? ???????????,???,????????
  • ??-????,?????????????,???????????(???)
  • ??-??????,???,???????
  • ??-????,????????

? ?
? ?
11
?????????
  • ??????,???????????,?????,?????????,?????????????
    ???????????????????,???????????????????,??????????
    ???

12
??????????
  • ???????,????????,?????????,??????????,????,?
    ????(?,????)??????????????
  • ????????????,??????????,??????????????????,?????,?
    ?????????????????????????,?????????(??-??-??,??,??
    ,??,??)

?? ??
???
13
Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery
  • ?????(5000 BC to 4500 BC)???????????????,?????????
    ?????,??????????

14
????????
  • ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
    ????
  • ??????????????,???????????,???????????????????????
    ????????,??????????????,?????,??????,,??????,?????
    ?????,????????,??????????

15
Stone age mans medicine
????????????1991?8?????-??????????????????,?5300
??,??45???? ????????????????Piptoporus betulinus
?????????,??????????(whipworm, Trichuris
trichiura)
Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age The
fungus may be used as natural medicine
16
????????
  • ????-??
  • ?,????? -??
  • ??????????
  • ???????????
  • ????,?????
  • ??,???????
  • ?????
  • ??,??,??,??

17
(No Transcript)
18
trephination ?????
19
??????? (????? ?5000??)
20
?????(???) Trephination (7000-3000B.C.
Neolithic period)
21
????????
  • ?????(???)
  • Trephination
  • (7000-3000B.C.
  • Neolithic period)
  • ????????
  • ??????
  • ??????

22
????????
  • ?????????????,??? ????,????????,?????????
  • ????,????? ??????????????,???????,???????
  • ????????????,????????????????????????????,????,???
    ???,????,????(witch-doctor)??????????????,??????
    ??????????,??????????????

23
????
  • ???????????,??????????,???????????
  • ???????????,???????,??????????????????????????
    ??????,?????????,????????????????????,???????
    ???

24
?????
  • ?
  • ? ?

? shu
25
??????
China
Mesopotamia
  • Mesopotamia

India
Egypt
26
?????? Ancient Egypt
  • 4000 B.C.??????(hieroglyph)
  • 3100 B.C.??????? (?????)

27
?????? Ancient Egypt
  • ?????(Imhotep)
  • ?????????2980?????????(Djoser)???????????????,??
    ??????,???????? (God of Medicine)?

28
?????? Ancient Egypt
  • ?????????????????????????

29
?????? Ancient Egypt
??????????????????CT?????????
Tutankhamun (13411323 BC)
30
?????? Ancient Egypt
  • 2000-1500 BC ?? (Papyrus)??
  • ???800????????,???????????????????????600????,????
    ???????(???-???????)?????????????????????????,????
    ??????
  • ???????
  • ?????????

31
?????? Ancient Egypt
  • ?????? Edward Smith Papyrus
  • ??????????,???48?????,?????,??????????????????????
    ????????????????
  • ???????17??,?????3000?2500??????????14????????,??
    ??????????????,???,??????????????????????

32
??????? Ancient Babylon
  • 5000-4000 B.C ?????
  • 2000 B.C. ?????

33
??????? Ancient Babylon
  • ??????????,??????????????????,????????,???????????
    ?,???????????????,????????????,???????????????????
    ???

???? Arrowheaded characters
34
??????? Ancient Babylon
  • ????(1792-1750 B.C)?? Hammurabi Code
    ?282?,??215240?,??????????????????????

Louvre Museum in paris 1901-2
35
?????? Ancient India
  • ??????,???????????????,?????????????????????????
    ???????????,????,??????,?????????????????????(??23
    00?1700)
  • ???????????????????????????????????????????????

36
?????? Ancient India
  • ????(??veda?????)(1500900 BC)
  • ???? Rigveda
  • ????? Atharvaveda(Brahman veda)
  • ???? Ayurveda(????)

????????????????,?,?(doshasVata,Pita, Kapha)
???????,?,?????,??????????,?,?,?,???????(5
elementsEther, Water, Fire, Earth, Air)
?(Vataetherair, Pita waterfire, Kapha
waterearth)
37
?????? Ancient India
  • ??????????,???????????????????????????,?????,???
    ,??,?,???,?,?,??,???,??,??,??,?????
  • ??????????????????,??????,???????????,????????????
    ??

?? Sushruta (500 BC)
38
??????
  • ??? Gasparo Tagliacozzi
  • (1546-1599)

39
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ??????????????????????????????,?????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????,???76?(????19?,??27?,???30?),???54?(?
    ???24?,??30?)??????7?,??137?,????????????,????????
    ?,????,????????

?????????????,????,??????,?????,????,??????

40
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ???????????(475-221 B.C)
  • ?????????????????, ?????????????????????????,??
    ???????,??????????????

41
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ?????? ?????
  • ???????????????????????????,??365?,????????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ?? ????,
  • ????,????

42
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ????- ????

43
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ???????
  • ???????????????,
  • ??????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????????????

44
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ??????
  • ??(??)?????????????
  • ??(??)???????????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ?????????????
  • ?? ???????????????
  • ???? ???? ????
  • ???? ????

45
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ?????,?????(???????)?,??????,???????
  • ????????????????,??????,????????????????????,???
    ???????????
  • ???????????????????,?????113???????262?,??
    ?????????????,????????

??? 150-219
46
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ???????mi???????12?,128??????????????????,??????
    ????????????????????????????????349?(????49?,??300
    ?)???????????
  • ???,????
  • ????,???
  • ?????????

???(215-282)
47
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ???????(605617)????????????????,???????????????
    ??????????????????50?,?67?,????1,700??,???????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????

??? 550-630
48
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ???????(?????)????????????????,???????????????,???
    ?,??????
  • ???????????????????,??????30?,???5,300????
    ??30?,??2,571????????????????????????????
  • ????????????,????????????,???????????,?????????,?
    ????????
  • ??????,???????,????,????,?????

??? 581-682
49
?????,??????,????,????????,????????????????
?,????????,????,????,????,????,?????????????,????
,?????????,????,????,????????????????,????,???????
?,????????????????,????????,??????,?????,??????
????,?????????,??????(????,????,????,????)
???? ????
50
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ??? ???????????800??,??27???,???????,????1,892?,
    ??10,000??,??????
  • ?????
  • ?????
  • ?????

???1518-1593)
51
??????Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • ?????
  • ???(1120-1200),????(???????)???????????,????????
    ????,?????????
  • ???(1156-1228),????????????,????,????,????????????
    ???,?????????
  • ???(1180-1251),??????,????,?????????,??????????
    ??????????
  • ???(?? 1281-1358),?????,????????,????(??????????
    ?,????),????????????,??????????

52
Break
53
????
??? ????
??? ?? ?????
????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ????
???
? ? ?
54
???????????
55
?????Greek Civilization
  • 2800-1400BC,????(Crete)??????(Minoan)??,???????(Pe
    loponnese)?????(Mycenaean)???
  • 1200 BC ????Dorian??????
  • 750 BC?????? (polis)???
  • ???8-4??, ?????????,?????????????????????????????
  • 334-323 BC ??????(Alexander the
    Great)???,???(Hellenistic civilization)

56
?????
57
?????
58
?????
Plato
Archimedes
Euclid
Socrates
Aristotle
59
???????????
???????11-9?? Trojan War
Homer the Iliad and Odyssey
60
????? Ancient Greece
  • Temple of Asclepius

61
?????Ancient Greece
A sick child brought into the temple of Asclepius
John Waterhouse 1877
62
????? Ancient Greece
  • Hippocrates
  • The father of medicine
  • (460-377 B.C)

63
Cos Island and Cos School of Medicine
64
?????Ancient Greece
  • ???????Corpus Hippocraticum ??????????????????????
    ???????????????
  • ???????????????????(?????Empedocles ???)
  • ???(holistic medicine)????????

65
???????????
?? ?? ?? ?? ?(?)??(?) ??
???(???) ?(?)??(?) ?? ???(???)
?(?)??(?) ?? ???(???) ?(?)??(?) ??
???(???)
66
????? Ancient Greece
????? Four humors ???? Four Personality
types Sanguinity ???,?? Phlegmatic
???,?? Choleric ???,?? Melancholic ???,??
???
???
???
???
???
???
???
???
67
???????????
  • ???????????,??????,????????????,?????????????,????
    ?????????????
  • ??????????????,?????????????

68
??????? Hippocrates Aphorism
  • Life is short, and Art long the crisis
    fleeting experience perilous, and decision
    difficult.????,??????????????,?????
  • For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure are
    most suitable.
  • Those things which require to be evacuated should
    be evacuated, wherever they most tend, by the
    proper outlets.
  • It is better not to apply any treatment in cases
    of occult cancer for, if treated, the patients
    die quickly but if not treated, they hold out
    for a long time.

69
Oath of Hippocrates
70
Hippocrates Oath
  • With the purity and with the holiness I will pass
    my life and practice my art.
  • I consider for the benefit of my patients, and
    abstain from whatever is deleterious and
    mischievous.

71
(No Transcript)
72
????? ????,??????????????????,?????
???????,????,????,????,????,????,????,????,
????? ?????????????,??????,??????????,????
,????,????,????????????????????????
73
Hippocrates refuses gifts offered by Artaxerxes,
king of the Persians and enemy of the Greeks.
- by Girodet from 1792
74
?????????
2000-1000BC ???? 753 BC ????? 510-25BC
????? 25BC-476AD ????
According to legend, Rome was founded  in 753 BC
by Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a
she-wolf.
75
???? Roman Empire
??????????? Good in drain, not in brain


Pon tu Gard of Nimes
76
???? Roman Empire
?????????????
Bath, England
77
????Vespasianus (9-79 AD)
vespasienne(French)
???????,??????????
(money does not smell) vespasiano
(Italian)
Vespasianus - vespasienne
78
???????-????
  • Galen of Pergamon
  • (129-201 AD)

79
Galen ?????
  • ????????????
  • ???????
  • Marcus Aurelius?????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????

80
Galen ?????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ?

81
Galen ?????
  • ????????
  • ???????
  • Natural spirit ???
  • Vital spirit ???
  • Animal spirit ???

82
Galen ?????
  • ????????
  • ??????
  • ???????
  • ??????????
  • ????????
  • ????????

83
Galen ??
  • ??-???(theology-biology)?????,???????????,????????
    ??????????????
  • ???????????????,?????????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ?????????????????????,?????????????????

84
???????????
??????(totem)???????(????),???????,??????????????
??Witch-doctor ????????(natural
philosophy),??????????????,?????????????,???????(?
?,Phythagolas) Empirical medicine, speculative
(philosophical) medicine ????????????????,???????
??,???????????????????????????
85
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