Relationships in Nature

1
Relationships in Nature
2
What is symbiosis?

• Two organisms that live together
• Temporarily or for a longer time
• At least one of the organisms benefits from
  the relationship

3
What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism

• Parasitism

Commensalism
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism benefits
one organism is unaffected
one organism is harmed
4
Parasitism

• Causes harm to host
• The parasite benefits, the host is harmed or in
  some cases killed.

5
Commensalism

• Only one member benefits
• sharing space, defense, shelter, food
• Neither will die if relationship is ended
• Shrimp sea cucumber

The Shrimp hitch a ride on the large sea
cucumbers. The shrimps get transported through a
large area of potential food by their host with
only a minimal expenditure of energy on their
part. They can be observed getting off their host
cucumber to feed in productive areas, and back on
for a ride to the next spot!
http//www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.ht
m
6
Mutualism

• Both organisms derive mutual benefit
• Neither can survive without the other
• Tickbirds and rhinos

7
Zombie Caterpillars -Slave Bodyguard

• Wasp lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar.
• This is a three layered parasitic infection.
• The wasps disable the caterpillars immune
  system, allowing the wasp eggs to survive.
• The eggs hatch and feed on the caterpillar, but
  do not kill it. Instead, the caterpillar stops
  developing and spends the rest of its life
  protecting the wasp larva, even going as far as
  spinning its own cocoon around the wasp pupae.
• When the adult wasp emerges from its cocoon, the
  zombie caterpillar finally tastes the sweet
  release of death.

8
Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir up insects as they eat grassEgrets
hang around and eat insects
9
Honey Bee the Dandelion

• Honey bee
• gets to eat the pollen from the flower.
• Dandelion
• uses the bee to spread its pollen to another
  flower

10
Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected
11
Buffalo Oxpecker

• Buffalo
• Lets the bird eat
• Oxpecker
• Eats ticks and other parasites off skin
• Warns buffalo of danger
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemies/partners.ht
  ml

12
Antelope with Oxbird
Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal
13
Hermit Crab Sea Anemone

• Hermit crab
• Gets leftover food
• Sea anemone
• protects the crab

http//www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.ht
m
14
Fish and a Leech?
15
Cactus Wren Cholla Cactus

• Cactus wren
• builds its nest in a cholla cactus to protect its
  young from predators such as raven. There is no
  harm to the cactus.

16
Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp
Zebra Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner
Shrimp gets a meal
17
Shark and Remora Fish

• Shark
• Lets the fish eat
• Remora Fish
• Eats parasites
• Gets the sharks leftovers

18
Crocodile Bird

• Nile crocodile
• Usually eats animals
• Allows bird to walk around its mouth
• Crocodile bird
• Cleans parasites in crocs teeth
• Removes and eats scraps of food
• Eats harmful leeches and parasites