LEARNING

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• LEARNING

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Objectives

• To give the basic concept of Learning
• Use the principles of learning to enhance their
  own learning skills
• To enable them to make use of learning principles
  in clinical settings

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Outline

• What is Learning
• Types of learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
• Use of Learning Principles in Clinical Setting

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What is Learning?

• A relatively permanent change in an organisms
  behavior due to experience.
• Allows us to adapt to changing environments
• We learn primarily by experiencing events,
  observing relationships between those events.
• Achieve goals solve problems

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Types of learning

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational Learning
• Perceptual Learning
• Latent Learning
• Insight Learning

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Conditioning

• The acquisition of specific patterns of behavior
  in the presence of well-defined stimuli.
• Types of Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical condition is learning by association
• Also called reflexive learning
• The Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov,1905
• Experiments with dogs

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Pavlovs Experiment
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Analysis of Pavlovs Study
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Classical Conditioning Terms

• Unconditioned stimulus (US)
• A stimulus that always elicits a specific
  response in the absence of any training.
• Unconditioned response (UR)
• A response that is always elicited by a specific
  stimulus in the absence of any training.

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Classical Conditioning Terms

• Neutral stimulus
• A stimulus that does not elicit a specific
  response.
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• A neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to
  elicit a specific response
• Conditioned response (CR)
• A response similar to the UR that is elicited by
  the CS.

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Common Examples of Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning is involved in many of our
  behaviors
• Too much alcohol. Afterwards even the sight of
  alcohol can nauseous.
• UCS too much alcohol
• UCR getting sick
• CS sight of alcohol

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• Phobias - Irrational fears
• Conditioned food (taste) aversion - Classically
  conditioning a novel flavor to illness

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• J. B. Watson classically conditions Little
  Albert to fear white rabbit.

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Little Albert example

• Presented a little baby with a rabbit. Everytime
  the rabbit was presented a loud clang behind
  Alberts head causing him to startle.

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• The child then became afraid of the rabbit.

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Jones reconditions Robert to not fear rabbits
• This procedure evolved into desensitization
  therapy.

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant conditioning is learning from the
  consequences of behavior
• Organisms make responses that have consequences

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• The consequences serve to increase or decrease
  the likelihood of making that response again

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Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

• We put coins in a machine to obtain food
• But we refrain when an Out of Order sign is
  placed on the machine

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• Operant behaviors are different from the
  responses involved in classical conditioning
• They are voluntarily emitted
• Those in classical conditioning are elicited by
  stimuli.

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Operant Conditioning Terms

• Reinforcer
• An event or stimulus that makes the behavior it
  follows more likely to occur again.

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Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

• Primary reinforcer
• A reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as
  food, water, and sex.
• Secondary reinforcer
• A reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing power
  through association with a primary reinforcer.

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Operant Conditioning Terms

• Punisher
• Any event that decreases the likelihood that the
  behavior preceding it, will occur again.

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What Is Punishment?

• The aim of punishment is to decrease the
  likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur.
• Punishment must be swift, sufficient, and certain
  for it to be effective.

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Differences Between Classical and Operant
Conditioning

• Classical conditioning is passive on the part of
  the learner.
• Operant conditioning relies on the learner to
  actively participate in the learning process.

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• In operant conditioning reinforcers act as
  incentives for learning.
• Classical conditioning, on the other hand, does
  not provide incentives.

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Cognitive Learning

• Cognitive learning
• Learning that depends on mental processes that
  are not directly observable
• Latent learning
• Learning that is not immediately reflected in a
  behavioral change

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Insight Learning

• Insight
• Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of
  understanding all the elements of a problem.

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Insight
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Learning Sets

• The ability to become increasingly more effective
  in solving problems as more problems are solved.
• i.e., learning how to learn

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Social Learning Theory

• A view of learning that emphasizes the ability to
  learn by observing a model without firsthand
  experience by the observer.
• Role Model

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Use of Learning Principles in Clinical Setting

• Acquisition of fear and anxiety about hospitals
• Chemotherapy for treating cancer
• Treatment of phobias
• Unhealthy Lifestyles
• Reactions to illness
• Discontinue bad habits

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Thank You