Title: Hearts and Minds
1Hearts and Minds
- Political Culture, Ideology, and Good Government
2I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture
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4I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture
- Defining Social Capital
- Coleman (1988) Social capital is defined by its
function. It is not a single entity but a variety
of different entities, with two elements in
common they all consist of some aspect of social
structures, and they facilitate certain actions
of actors-whether persons or corporate
actors-within the structure. Like other forms of
capital, social capital is productive, making
possible the achievement of certain ends that in
its absence would not be possible. - Putnam (2000) social capital refers to
connections among individuals social networks
and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness
that come from them.
53. How might social capital change society?
6B. Origins of Social Capital
- Putnams experiment
- Italy 15 identical regional governments
situated in different economic and cultural
contexts. Did they perform differently? If so,
why?
7a. Political-Economic Performance in Italy
- Performance has been quite varied. Government in
the North good government in the South not
so good. - Institutions are the same but performance varies.
WHY?
8b. Competing hypotheses regarding the difference
between North and South
- Hypothesis 1 Economic development. The North is
rich, the South is poor. - Hypothesis 2 Culture. Civic culture is high in
the North, low in the South.
9c. Explanations for the difference between the
North and the South?
- Putnam Hypothesis 2 (Culture) better explains
Italian history - Why? Because the cultural differences observed
in Northern Italy emerged first, before the
economic differences, and long before the
political ones.
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112. The historical sources of civic culture in
Italy
- Medieval Italy a time of great violence and
anarchy. Insecurity was a constant fact of life. - In the South the solution was to strengthen the
power of the king, who could then secure the
area. - In the North the solution was self-governance
and mutual aid and defense.
12The historical origins . . .
- These different solutions had a long-lasting
impact on the cultural traditions of the areas.
A rich associational life flourished in the
North, atrophied in the South. - Furthermore, these cultural traditions emerged
well before economic differences became
entrenched. - Thus, culture preceded politics and economics.
133. What about America?
Theory Slavery and segregation intended to
destroy social capital ? long-term effects (path
dependence, just like Italy)
14C. Putnams Theory of Associational Effects on
Politics and the Economy
- 1. Rich associational life (social capital) ?
Solves collective action problems. - Rich associational life means people interact
repeatedly with one another, which helps them
identify and punish free-riders. - Rich associational life also promotes norms of
reciprocity.
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162. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
172. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
182. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
192. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
202. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
212. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
22Cross-National Studies Same Results
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24D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
- Associational life is decreasing people no
longer form cross-cutting associations
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27D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
- Associational life is decreasing people no
longer form cross-cutting associations - Interest in politics has also decreased
- Social trust has decreased
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29D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
- Associational life is decreasing people no
longer form cross-cutting associations - Interest in politics has also decreased
- Social trust has decreased
- Generational change ? Continued loss of civic life
30Is the US Evolving Beyond Civic Life?
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32E. Putnams Villains1. TV (In Other Societies
War, Policies, Poverty, etc)
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342. Diversity and Immigration
- Thesis of assigned reading
- Note the difference between anomie and conflict
? lack of trust is not the same as hostility or
violence - Unresolved question Can the problem be fixed,
i.e. is pluralism possible? Putnams research
stops here.
35E. Objections and Limitations
- Cooperation might be good or bad for democracy.
(Associational groupings contributed to Hitlers
rise). Liberalism good government is founded on
distrust! - Group politics can be inefficient Mancur Olson
fears distributional groups in place of
encompassing groups - Measurement issues make social capital
difficult to incorporate in predictions (can be
circular) - Institutions can produce/reduce trust difficult
to apply theory to different systems
36Trust Produced by Institutions
37II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?
- Confucianism and Asian Values
- General argument Eastern societies see people as
part of an organic whole (society)
38US Cold Warriors on Asia
- By tradition and preference Asiatic people turn
to authoritarian government. In contrast with
us, they lack historical experience of liberty
and and personal experience of individualismThey
are particularly susceptible to the seizure of
political power by force or assassination and to
the concealed aggression of communism. - NSC 48, 31 August draft
39II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?
- Confucianism and Asian Values
- General argument Eastern societies see people as
part of an organic whole (society) - Specific arguments Rejection of self-expression
and individual profit in favor of social
stability and teamwork. Economic rights favored
over political rights positive vs. negative
freedoms.
403. Example Lee Kuan Yew
- Authoritarian leader of Singapore
41Lee Kuan Yew on Social Discipline
- I have enumerated in several of my talks what I
consider to be the three basic essentials for
successful transformation of any society. First,
a determined leadership, an effective determined
leadership two, an administration which is
efficient and three, social disciplineIf you
dont get social discipline, everybody does what
he likes to do, or will not bustle about what he
is told to do. - (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 316)
42Lee on social order and democracy
- We would be foolish to try and beguile
ourselves with unsophisticated phrases of
democracy and liberty and human rights and
freedom, while we go down the drain. - (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 323)
43Lee on development and democracy
- A country must first have economic
development, then democracy may follow. With a
few exceptions, democracy has not brought good
government to new developing countries. Democracy
has not led to development because the
governments did not establish stability and
discipline necessary for development. - (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 324)
44B. Evidence Economic Values
- Do Eastern societies emphasize teamwork and
corporate effort over individualism and profit?
451. Japanese Management less popular in Japan.
462. Personal Economic Values?
- Dentsu survey (1997-1998) Japan, China, South
Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Bombay (Asians),
United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, and the
United States (New York City). - Respondents asked to evaluate the relative
importance of nine attributes - "financial wealth NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
- "acquiring high-quality goods NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE - "family relationships Asians value more
- "success in work NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
- "mental relaxation NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
- "leisure activity Westerners value more
- "living for the present NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE - "striving to achieve personal goals NO
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE - "having good relationships with others." NO
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
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48C. Evidence Politics
- 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
US group - Asians more likely to list orderly society as
very important goal for society - Americans more likely to list protecting personal
freedom
49Value Salience May Differ (1994 Data)
50C. Evidence Politics
- 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
US group - Asians more likely to list orderly society as
very important goal for government - Americans more likely to list protecting personal
freedom - But.
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52D. Market Capitalism and Culture
535. Summary Support for Free Market Democracy
54III. The Post-Materialist West?
- Ingleharts argument People in Western
democracies have expanded their goals beyond
material satisfaction to matters of value
(environmentalism, social justice) - Irony While Asian Values says West is MORE
obsessed with profit, Post-Materialism says West
is LESS obsessed with profit!
55Inglehart
- In a major part of the world, the disciplined,
self-denying and achievement oriented norms of
industrial society are giving way to the choices
over lifestyle which characterize post-industrial
economies. - This was written in the 70s has the rising tide
of globalization changed this assertion by
Inglehart?
561. The Post-Materialist Challenge
Issue Materialist Post-Materialist
Law and Order Fixed rules respect for government and church Flexible rules political and religious authority challenged
Social Stability Security most important Self-expression most important
Politics Political Parties Single-Issue Groups
Elite Authority Respected Challenged
572. Measuring Post-Materialism a. Tradition vs.
Secularism and Survival vs. Self-Expression
58b. Regional value differences
593. Is Culture an independent variable? a.
Nationality trumps religion
60b. Simplest explanation for post-materialism
Income!
61IV. Islam and the West A Clash of Civilizations?
- The fundamental source of conflict in this new
world will not be primarily ideological or
primarily economic. The great divisions among
humankind and the dominating source of conflict
will be cultural. Nation states will remain the
most powerful actors in world affairs, but the
principal conflicts of global politics will occur
between nations and groups of different
civilizations. The clash of civilizations will
dominate global politics. The fault lines
between civilizations will be the battle lines of
the future. -
Samuel P. Huntington
62A. Assumptions
- Conflict will be over culture ? not power or
resources! - Key actors civilizations, not states ?
indicators of culture
633. The Map of Civilizations
64a. Religion determines some civilizational borders
65b. Identity determines the rest
- West Latin America divide ethnicity?
- Sinic civilization Originally called
Confucian. What is the basis for this bloc? - African civilization Essentially what was left
after drawing other civilizations
664. Alignments shape civilizational
(in)compatibility
675. Rejection of Universalism
- No universal political desires
- Modernization ? Westernization Contrary to
Inglehart!
68B. Implication Internal Unity Strength
- Dont be multicultural
- Enemies will try to foment intra-societal
conflict - Beware immigration from other civilizations ?
692. Test Does Immigration Cause Internal Violence?
a. Europe Does High foreign-born cause more
conflict?
70b. US Patterns of Immigrationi. 1966-1970
period of riots unrelated
71ii. Social Strife and Immigration, 1880-1914
relationship
72C. Implication Pushing Democracy and Capitalism
Civilizational Conflict
- Democracy is Western value system Separation of
church and state, rule of law, social pluralism,
representative bodies, individualism
732. Test Is Democracy Western? (See Norris
reading)
- World Values Survey Questions about democracy,
human rights, politics, religion, etc. - Key Dimensions
- Democratic Performance
- Democracies are indecisive and have too much
squabbling - Democracies arent good at maintaining order
- Democratic Ideals
- Democracy may have its problems but it is
better than any other form of government - I approve of having a democratic political
system
743. Results a. Democratic Performance/Ideals
No Difference!
75b. Other surveys reveal
- Important differences do exist within Islamic
civilization
76D. Implication Culture Produces Violence Islam
HasBloody Innards
771. Evidence Region Trumps Religion (as in WVS
data)
- a. Middle East region is more likely to
experience political terror and human rights
violations BUT region outperforms religion - Exception Catholic countries experience higher
levels of repression than non-Catholic neighbors - b. Oil wealth correlates with both repression and
civil war around the world - c. Some majority-Muslim countries are democracies
(Turkey, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Lebanon) but most
are poor and poor countries tend to experience
violence and repression
782. Demographics of Islam
- What percentage of Arabs are Muslim?
- About 90
- What percentage of Muslims are Arab?
- About 20
- The largest Muslim country is
- Indonesia
- Where do Muslims live?
- Only 33 live in the Middle East
- 25 in South Asia, 20 in Africa
793. Does Islam Teach Violence?
- a. Violence not a necessary part of faith
- Universal Brotherhood 4913
- No Forced Conversion 2256
- Peaceful Co-existence 608-9
- Jihad multiple meanings
- b. Religion used to justify political actions
- Iranian clergy vs. elected officials
- Osama bin Ladens declaration of jihad
804. West vs. Islam Gender/Sexuality Division,
Not Religious Leadership!
81Gender West vs. the Rest
825. Norris Three dimensions of values
Culture Democratic Ideals Religious Authority Gender / Sexuality
WEST High Low Liberal
ISLAM High High Traditional
ORTHODOX Low High Mod Tradit
LATIN AM Medium Varies Moderate
AFRICA Medium High Mod Lib
SINIC Medium Low Traditional
HINDU Medium N/A Moderate
JAPAN Medium Medium Traditional