Fruits

1
Fruits Flowers
Chapter 6 Overview

• Chapter 6 Overview

http//www.ddflowers.com.sg/Products/Thumbnail/192
-GW016-LO.JPG
2
What are fruits flowers for?

• When you bite into a juicy peach or when you give
  someone a bouquet of daisies or roses- you
  probably arent thinking
• Wow, these are marvelous structures designed to
  facilitate effective sexual selection maximize
  reproductive success in angiosperm plants!
• From now on- this is what you should be pondering!

3
Plant reproduction is complex

• Unlike humans, who reproduce only sexually, with
  a single method, plants have a variety of ways of
  reproducing.
• Asexual
• Sexual

4
Asexual Reproduction

• Also known as vegetative propagation
• Offspring are clones of parent
• Genetically identical
• Cell division by mitosis

5
Review Stages of Mitosis

• Divided into 4 phases
• 1. PROPHASE
• 2. METAPHASE
• 3. ANAPHASE
• TELOPHASE
• Memory aid Pro met Anna on the telophone

6
http//jabberwiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/mitosis
1.gif/53565174
7
Can you find a cell in each phase of mitosis?
http//www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/la
bpics/Onion20Prophase20and2020Metaphase2020x.
jpg
8
Example of Plant asexual reproduction

• 1. Strawberry plants- sends out stolons or
  runners
• Only need a few plants to start a strawberry bed.

http//www.smallkitchengarden.net/wp-content/uploa
ds/c37d59f25bed5e2.jpg
9
Examples of Plant asexual reproduction

• 2. Kalanchoe diagremontiana
• walking fern plant
• Produces plantlets
• on the edges of leaves-
• a leaf that touches the
• ground grows into a
• new plant

http//pics.davesgarden.com/pics/WUVIE_1189126100_
673.jpg
10
Example of Plant asexual reproduction

• 3. Quaking aspen trees
• Adventitious roots make a large group of trees
• The whole group is
• called a clone

http//www.coloradotreefarmnursery.com/photogaller
y/Deciduous20Trees/Aspen/Aspen201/Aspen.jpg
11
Sexual reproduction in plants

• Sexual reproduction uses process of
• Meiosis
• Gametes- are Haploid cells
• Spores, Sperm (pollen), eggs (ovule)
• Form a Zygote the fertilized egg
• Genetic recombination of genes produces a unique
  individual.

12
Review Sexual Reproduction in plants has
Alternation of generations

• life cycle with 2 different generations.
• a Haploid Gametophyte produces gametes.
• Gametes unite and give rise to a Diploid
  Sporophyte, which produces spores or haploid cells

13
Alternating Life Cycles
14
REVIEW In flowering seed plants - angiosperms

• 2 fertilization events take place
• one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the diploid
  zygote of the new individual,
• the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to
  form the triploid endosperm, a nutritive tissue
  (the FRUIT).
• Together with maternal sporophyte tissue, these
  make up the seed.

15
Flowers, fruit seeds

• Only in angiosperm plants
• With nearly 250,000 species- there is great
  variety in flower structure
• All flowers sit at the top of the stem part
  called the peduncle

http//content.answers.com/main/content/img/Garden
ers/f0186.jpg
16
Inflorescence

• A peduncle bearing a group of flowers
• Several different types shown below

http//www3.hcs.ohio-state.edu/wiki/images/d/d2/In
flor.GIF
17
Flowers

• highly specialized reproductive organs,
• reproductive functions include
• Advertising (attracting pollinators)
• pollination
• fertilization
• seed development
• Seeds dispersal

18
Parts of a flower
Male parts -stamen
Female parts -Carpel, also called pistil
2 other modified leaves -Sepals -Petals
http//andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/Plant20Propagat
ion20Practical20Photos/Generalised_Flower_Diagra
m.jpg
19
Complete Incomplete Flowers

• Compete flower - if it contains all four types of
  modified leaves
• Sepals
• Petals
• Stamens
• Carpels
• Incomplete Flowers - lack one or more of these
  modified leaves

20
Perfect flowers

• Perfect- also known as bisexual flowers have both
  male (stamens) carpels (pistil) parts on same
  flower.
• Roses
• Olives (also has staminate flowers)
• Apples
• Cherries
• Nectarines

21
Imperfect- unisex flower

• Has either stamen or carpel (pistil) not both
• Has only one set of reproductive organs
• Two types of imperfect flowers (either male or
  female)
• Staminate flowers contain only stamens, the male
  reproductive part of the flower.
• Pistillate flowers only contain the pistil, or
  female, reproductive

22
Flowers have ovaries in different positions

• The location of the ovary to the sepals petals
• Superior Semi-Inferior Inferior

23
Types of plants

• Monoecious plants have male and female parts on
  the same plant
• (corn, cucurbits, birch, walnut). 
• Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on
  separate plants
• (hemp, American holly, hazel nut).

24
Apples have perfect flowers

• Green sepals (6) protect the bud before the
  flower opens.
• Petals (1) white, -are highly visible to the
  insect pollinators.
• Male parts -filament (5) and anther (4). Pollen
  is produced in its anthers
• Female parts stigma (2), style ovary (7)).
• Pollen land on the stigma, forms a pollen tube
  that grows down the style (3) to the ovary (7),
  where it releases the male gamete fertilizes
  the ovule in the ovary.
• The fertilized ovule develops into a seed and the
  ovary typically develops into the fruit.

quorumsensing.ifas.ufl.edu/HCS200/Breefrme.html
25
Blackberries have perfect flowers
www.cobaltinc.com/.../Classify/classifi.htm
26
How to Identify Male and Female Zucchini Flowers
Female Flower
Male Flower
27
Imperfect flowers
Hazelnut- separate male female flowers on
same plant
28
Grasses -monocots

• flowers of grasses are less showy (fescue
  flower).
• produce significant amounts of pollen in their
  anthers (4).
• Carried by wind, pollen lands on sticky
  feather-like stigma receptacles (2).
• Sepals and petals of grasses have evolved into
  three layers of protective bracts -glume, palea,
  and lemma (9).

quorumsensing.ifas.ufl.edu/HCS200/Breefrme.html
29
Fruit

• is a ripened (mature) ovary
• Where seeds develop are found
• serves as protection
• Means of dispersal for the seeds

http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/angio.htm
30
Some types of fruits
-Simple fruits -from one ovary in one flower.
Examples walnut, tomato, orange, cherry, apple,
dandelion, and maple helicopter. -Different
types of simple fruit- each has its own official
name. Aggregate fruits arise from several
ovaries in one flower. Examples include raspberry
and strawberry. Multiple fruits

arise from ovaries in several, tightly-clustered
flowers which grow together into one fruit.
Examples include pineapple, mulberry, and
breadfruit.
http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/angio.htm
31
Some activities

• Fruits game
• Dissect flower

32
Your assignment

• Read Ch 6
• Section review questions
• Page 130, 1 3
• Page 134 1- 3
• Page 143 1- 3
• Read pages 137 138 - boxes about Apomixis,
  Tropical Fruits
• Page 144, Thought question 1